Multiple types of laws Essay

During last week’s session multiple types of laws were introduced and their differences were discussed. One of the types of laws that were discussed were civil laws. Civil laws were created to â€Å"compensate parties and businesses for losses as a result of another’s conduct† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created for certain types of conduct against another party to be handled civilly between them. For any type of offense that is handled civilly, the defendant will need to repay the plaintiff for any loss suffered. Another type of law is criminal law. Criminal laws â€Å"are a protection of society and the violation of criminal laws results in penalties to the violator such as fines or imprisonment† (Melvin, 2011). This means that these laws were created to protect all of society against criminals that disrupt the peace of others. Another type of law that we focused on was â€Å"Common Law†. Common law, also known as â€Å"Case Law†, is a basic system to ensure that cases with similar commonalities are treated fairly and consistently. For example, imagine that you are the victim of a reckless driver who side swipes your car, and the judge is now responsible for deciding whether the defendant is liable for the damages in question. The judge will listen to the statements in court and refer to common law in other cases to ensure that the party is fairly dismissed or prosecuted, depending on the verdict. The type of law that many people have heard of is statutory law, also known as written law. Unlike Common Law, Statutory law is made by legislature and written down (hence the â€Å"aka† written law). Statutory Law is a concept in order to underscore the distinction between laws that a governing body makes and case law. If looking for an example of Statutory Law, you do not have to travel too far, or fast I should say; posted speed limits. This means that the speed limit is â€Å"formally† (and literally in this case) written and enacted. Another law that was discussed last week was substantive law. â€Å"Substantive law is the statutory, or written law, that defines rights and duties, such as crimes and punishments, civil rights and responsibilities in civil law†Ã‚  (Melvin, 2011). This law defines and regulates individual’s rights. Some example substantive law is the law of contracts, torts as we talk about in the last lecture along with real property and the essential substance of rights under the law. Substantive law and procedural law are the two main categories with the law. Procedural law sets the rules and methods employed to obtain one’s rights and in particular how the courts are conducted. This law basically defines and creates rights limitations under which society us governed. References Melvin, S. P. (2011). The Legal Environment of Business. Retrieved from The University of Phoenix eBook Collection database.

The Woman in White – Letter from Marian to Walter

Dear Mr Hartright, Forgive me, as I would usually start my letter to a dear friend asking how they are and wishing them all the best. However, without further ado, I must go straight into the dreadful events that have occurred since your departure from Limmeridge House. Whilst by no means do I intend to put any weight on your shoulders or worry you unnecessarily, I feel it is my duty to let you know of the disheartening proceedings which have taken place. Sir Percival Glyde and my poor, innocent little sister Laura have returned from their honeymoon, and moved into his appalling and run down estate, Blackwater Park in Hampshire. Simply writing the name gives me shivers, my friend. It’s absolutely dreadful! The unkempt quarters are no place for a young woman to live. The dark, eerie atmosphere and the overgrown sinister looking trees are enough to make anyone wish to flee as soon as possible. As you will recall, shortly before your departure, you and I discussed matters concerning that of Anne Catherick. I doubt since leaving you will have thought further into the case, Mr Hartright, and in honesty, neither had I. A little while ago I was passing through the grounds of this dreadful place where my petite young sister would shortly move in to, and I heard a noise that seemed to be coming from the boathouse. The clamour resembled a faint whining noise; the sound of a pained creature fighting for survival. Sympathetic and concerned, I naturally decided to investigate the source of this noise. Upon entering the boathouse, I found a dog whimpering in pain. The poor creature was curled on the floor, blood seeping from its helpless body. Without a second thought, I picked up the deprived being in my arms. In an attempt to staunch the flow of blood, I put pressure on its wounds in hope that the defenceless mortal might be able to continue its journey. Upon presenting this injured animal to Sir Percival, he was furious. At first I could not comprehend why the sight of this unwell animal was enough to send Sir Percival into a flying rage. However, Mr Hartright, I was soon to find out the precise reasons why. Now, Mr Hartright, it would seem that Anne Catherick’s involvement with Sir Percival is far greater than we had ever imagined possible. I discovered a little later on that the dog belonged to Mrs Catherick; Anne Catherick’s mother. Mrs Catherick has been secretly visiting these dreadful grounds in an attempt to uncover more details about her daughter. You may recall that the last time we discussed matters involving Anne Catherick that it was not long after her letter to my sister, in which she revealed the terrible things she knew about Sir Percival. You and I my dear friend decided it best that we find her and attempt to talk to her but if you recollect, this was to no avail. Before we could resolve the matter, you had already made your departure from Limmeridge House. It pains me to inform you, my dear friend that this is not least of the bad news. I also regret to inform you that Sir Percival’s drinking problem has worsened. For a short period of time, it seemed hopeful and possible that an end to this horrific crisis could be in sight. Alas, this was not to be. The baronet’s temper is spiralling out of control and his anger appears to be growing each and every day, in direct proportion to the quantity of alcohol he consumes. I have, however, grown increasingly wary of one man in particular, Mr Hartright. His name is Count Fosco. He’s not quite what he seems. When I was first introduced to him, I believed him to be a trustworthy man; I was captivated by him. He appeared to be a very intelligent, sensitive and understanding person, whose words would linger in the air as they rolled off his tongue. I turned out to be very wrong. His charming manner compliments his strange and wonderful character, making me believe he was the kind of person to stay true to his word – an honest man. Unfortunately I could not have been more wrong. I overheard Sir Percival Glyde passing words, foolishly loudly, through dishonest means, with his deceiving friend Count Fosco. They were discussing their plan to obtain Laura’s money. Appalled and shocked, I continued to listen closely, and it soon became apparent that the baronet was in great debt and in desperate and urgent need of money. These sinful men deemed it reasonable to try to force a young, innocent woman – not involved in the matter – to pass over all her money, the money her late father left her, to this evil and egotistic monster. The controlling demon tried to force Laura to sign a document. She refused, and I backed her up, of course. He may be a powerful man, but my sister is a strong minded individual and I refuse to let anyone take advantage of her. At that moment, Sir Percival left Blackwater House, raging with fury. It’s clear to me that this man is not accustomed to having his wishes rejected. Without doubt, he is used to getting his way on matters. Not only is he a typical male figure, but he also has a higher status than almost all of his acquaintances; he believes this is reason enough that eople should abide by his rules. It’s simply the only explanation for why Percival dealt with this matter in such a foolish manner. As I’m sure you can imagine, my sister was extremely distraught by the events which had taken place recently. I felt so incredibly helpless that I could not offer her any alternative or solution. I could support her to stay strong, but I could not help, believing I was fundamentally useless – you see I wanted to help so much, Mr Hartright. Laura and I are only half-sisters, but we feel so very close. She always looks up to me for help, and unfortunately I had nothing to offer in this circumstance but sympathy and reassuring words. I was of course extremely relieved at Sir Percival’s departure, however deep down I was worried as to what would happen next. I could tell that the worst wasn’t over, and had an awful feeling more desperate acts of evil were to come. A few days passed after Glyde’s departure and Laura made a visit to the old boathouse in which I had found the wounded dog. I was taken aback after finding out that my dear sister had herself met with Anne Catherick there. On returning, Laura explained to me all that had happened. Miss Catherick had revealed to her that it in fact it was she who had written the alarming warning letter and that it was also she who had warned my sister of the evil baronet. I was also intrigued to discover that Miss Catherick revealed she knew a terrible secret about Sir Percival. An horrific, appalling and disastrous secret that she would subsequently disclose. Unfortunately, Laura explained that before she could learn of this awful secret from Miss Catherick, she was startled by something sudden, and fled as soon as she could. Laura told of how afraid Miss Catherick was, and how her face had the word ‘fear’ written all over it. That is the precise phrase she used. I apologise that in this letter I could not impart any good news. I urge you to make of this information what you will, Mr Hartright. I hope you realise why I felt the need to make this communication, and I hope it doesn’t detract from your trip away; I thought it best to inform you before your return and warn you of all that has happened before you find out from a second hand source upon your return. I regret to inform you that this isn’t all of the bad occurrences which have arisen. More unimaginable dealings have taken place, but that, my good friend, is for another letter. I have already burdened you considerably. I pray that the situation currently upon us can somehow be resolved in the foreseeable future, and I hope this letter finds you well and that your trip to America has been fruitful and enlightening. I look forward to your return. Yours faithfully, Marian Halcombe.

Pollution - Human health and the environment Assignment

Pollution - Human health and the environment - Assignment Example ubstances are responsible for causing skin disorders, respiratory abnormalities, abdominal problems, eye infections, damage to the central nervous system, and blood disorders (Santrock, 2014). The problem of interaction between environmental pollution and health is considered a global issue since pollution is not restricted to place and time. The problem of health hazards caused by environmental pollution is widely recognized due to fatalities that are associated with it. Pollution effects of health are caused by both natural and human factors. The greatest natural factor that spurs health hazards of pollution constitutes tsunamis. A tsunami is a series of water waves that results from a displacement of large volumes of water in an ocean or sea. The 2004 Indian tsunami is one of the deadliest in history of the world that caused deaths of more than 230, 000 people (Gullì, 2013). Tsunamis cause widespread destruction and deposits solid and liquid chemicals into water bodies. Global warming is the unequivocal and constant rise in the average temperature of the earth’s climate system. Human factors that cause pollution include emissions from industries and manufacturing activities, burning fossil fuels, household and farming chemicals, and discharge of untreated sewage into water bodies. The effects of pollution cause chemical reactions that create poisonous gases. An example of a poisonous gas is ground-level ozone, which is adversarial to p eople’s health (Grandjean, 2013). Pollution also causes to depletion of ozone layer from the atmosphere, leading to exposure of people to harmful ultra-violet rays. A clean environment is highly fundamental for human health and wellbeing. Human beings depend on environmental factors for their survival (Gullì, 2013). Without environment, no life would exist on the earth. The environment consists of both living and non-living components that surround a person, place, or an object. The interactions between the environment

Utilitarianism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Utilitarianism - Assignment Example For this reason, an abortion is done. The decision may be against the morality of the society but it may be good to the girl. West is of the assumption that the end may justify the means if the perception of the majority is considerate of the truth (Par 8). If the same case may be involving a grown woman, an abortion may not justify the end. This is based on that the decision is made under no circumstances that may justify the actions. In another example, a hospital may ignore calls to carry out euthanasia on a patient. From the public perspective, the hospital should end the life to stop a person from suffering. The hospital is however, hopeful that a cure may be created to cure the illness. If the person is cured, the conduct of the hospital may not be questioned. From this argument, one may be of the assumption that the pleasure and wants of the majority may determine the morality of ones actions. However, if other factors such as truth are disregarded an action may be justified regardless of the morality and the perception of the

Land Rover and its Business System Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Land Rover and its Business System - Case Study Example Now finally the Land Rover is working under the hands of Tata Motors from 2008. (Land Rover confirms grant offer to build a new model, March 2009) (Land Rover Company Profile, April 2009). At present, the company is all set to start its revolutionary project of making the smallest, lightest and most fuel-efficient car that Land Rover has ever built, based on the LRX concept vehicle displayed in the auto show at Detroit last year. The project has got the grand welcome by the UK government by a stimulus package of  £27 million in the month of April, as a support to the UK auto industry whose sales has gone down by 30% in the second half of 2008 and as per the analysis report the situation yet takes some more time to get back to the same level. Phil Popham, the managing director of Land Rover, said: "At the moment we are planning on the assumption that it will be a couple of years before the industry starts to improve drastically, and maybe five years before returning to the pre-credit crunch trends we were seeing globally in the motor industry." (Arnott S., April 2009). The project is going to cost around  £400 million and is to be started by the year-end in Halewood, on Merseyside. The project is primarily taken up due to the shift of the global auto industry towards green cars to check the global warming and also is a part of raising efforts towards making more fuel efficient and cost effective cars. The prevailing economic recession which has made consumers more cautious about their spending and other related factors have driven the demand for lighter, relatively low priced, fuel efficient and environmentally friendly cars. Under European law, automakers have to cut carbon emission of new vehicles by 19% within a period of five years (Arnott S., April 2009). But, Jaguar-Land Rover under sustainability programme is expecting to cut the same by 25%.  The parent company of Land Rover has already taken the initiative to make the world’s lowest cost car â€Å"Nano† (Scanlon J., March 2009).

The Weather And Climate of Southeast Region of the United States Term Paper

The Weather And Climate of Southeast Region of the United States - Term Paper Example This paper stresses that the Southeastern United States refers to the region to the eastern part of the Southern United States. It is one of the most densely populated areas of the USA. The zone consists of the following states; Georgia, Alabama, Florida, North Carolina, South Carolina, Mississippi, Virginia, West Virginia , Tennessee, and Kentucky. In this region, the State of Florida has the highest population while Mississippi has the lowest. The climate of this region is majorly warm and humid, characterized by long hot summers and short intervals of winters. The area boasts of large cash crop plantations due to its climate and good soil. This report on the weather of the southeast region of the United States was compiled as a result of a series of activities. First, the region was identified and geographically introduced. Second, research was done and data collected form various sources as indicated in the references. Lastly, a detailed discussion of the elements of weather and climate in the region was done, both periodic aspects as well as those events that happen daily. This research will help in the understanding of the adverse elements of weather such as hurricanes and the duration around which they occur so that evacuation and other emergency strategies may be started in good time. It has also identified the negative influences of human activities on the environment, such as pollution, its effects on the weather, and climate of the southeast region of the United States, and possible solution to this problem.... can be described as of the warm and humid subtropical climate type. The temperatures get hot during summers, with recorded high averages of 90 Â °F in cities like Charleston. Combined with moist tropical winds, summers here are hot and humid. Winters on the other hand register cooler temperatures, features of a tropical climate with wet summers and sunny dry winters. Due to the geographical location of this region, it experiences periods of alternating solar radiation giving rise to different seasons throughout the year, the major seasons of concern are thus summer and winter. The weather during summers is characterized by high temperatures averaging 90 Â °F and thunderstorms in the evenings. In addition, summers witness mid morning sea breezes that bring in a cooling effect. There are also occasional tropical cyclones. On the contrary, winters are cold with temperatures dipping as low as 39 Â °F in Tallahassee. Easterly winds blowing at this period help keep the temperatures mode rate during winters and the Gulf Stream also modifies cooler air coming in from the east and the northeast. Despite its tropical location, freezes are often witnessed in the region during winters. The lowest recorded temperature during winter was -2Â °F in 1899 Wind, Fog, Precipitation, and Snowfall In the region, northerly winds generally blow across the Panhandle and from the west over Jacksonville. During summer, the wind pattern consists of easterly winds blowing southwards and southwest winds in the northern regions. The maximum wind speed recorded was at 100 knots during Hurricane Andrew (Wind Mapper, 2013). With regards to fog, the Southeastern USA experiences fogs in winter. The total number of dense fog days in any year, with visibility less that

Crime Causation Unit 3DB Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Crime Causation Unit 3DB - Essay Example According to the rational theory individuals have alternative courses of action and calculate which option is best for them (Walklate, 2007). They choose the option that is likely to give them the highest level of satisfaction. For example an individual who decides to steal a car may find it rewarding because of the joy he/she is going to derive from riding and recognition from other. On the other hand, this person has the option of spending all his savings and buy a car. Similarly he is aware that car theft may lead to his/her imprisonment, social rejection resulting from the individuals’ conviction. The police departments prefer the rational choice philosophy to positivism. This is because the police believe that the offenders are aware of the laws and understands the consequences of breaking the governing rules (Mathieu, 2006). Most of the time the police departments do not take into consideration under what circumstances the crime came about. They also believe that individuals should be punished for their crimes through being sent to prison and the punishment should be proportionate to the crime (Siegel, 2003). Police departments believe that their surveillance can be used to deter criminals from committing

Cost Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Cost Analysis - Essay Example 6 Works cited 8 1. How much do US Airways profits fluctuate due to fuel volatility? The quarterly report of 2013 of US Airways shows that, as compared to 2012, the net income earned by the company in the second quarter of 2013 has decreased, which has further lowered the Earnings per Share (EPS) available to the shareholders. The reason for this decrease in profits can be apportioned to the volatility in prices of fuel. As mentioned in the quarterly report of 2013, on a daily basis the prices of Brent crude oil had fluctuated between $110 per barrel to $97 per barrel in the month of April, and in the quarter end the price was found to be $102 per barrel. Although the U.S. airline Industry is facing moderate fuel prices in the second quarter of 2013, but in the 1st quarter of 2012, the industry faced higher volatility and uncertainty which have affected the business. The uncertainty in the prices of fuel has caused disruptions in the supply of aircraft fuel and has adversely affected the operating results and liquidity of the company. 2. Â  Why is fuel volatility bad for profits? Do a cost analysis alone, and then do a full profit maximizing analysis. Volatility in the prices of fuel has serious affects on profits of the company. The volatility results in ups and downs in dividends and share prices which adverse affects global growth. Volatility in the prices of fuel also affects output, operations and cash flow, which in turn affects profitability. The cost of express and mainline fuel was $1.13billion in the second quarter of 2013, which was 4.6% or $55million lower as compared to the second quarter of 2012. The company is trying to maintain a low cost structure, but it is dependent on two factors, the health of the economy and the price of fuel. The mainline costs per available seat mile excluding special items, fuel and profits have decreased by 0.4%, i.e. 0.04cents, from 8.25cents in the second quarter of 2012, to 8.21cents in the second quarter of 2013. I n such a situation, the company can attempt to maximize its profits by an attempt to minimize its risks by adopting risk control measures. Systematic risk is not under the control of the company, but the company may try to overcome unsystematic risks with the help of strategic decisions. 3. What is Express Operation’s operating cost per ASM? What is its operating cost per RPM? What is the difference between these two numbers? Cost per Available Seat Miles (CASM) is a measure of unit cost used commonly in the airline industry. It is expressed in cents to manage each seat mile offered. It is computed by dividing various measures of operating revenue by ASM (Available Seat Miles). Cost per ASM is used to compare costs of different airlines or of the same airline across different time periods. A lower CASM makes it easier for an airline to make profit, but does not guarantee profitability. Revenue Passenger Mile (RPM) is created when a passenger pays to fly one mile and is consid ered to be the basic measure of airline passenger traffic. RPM can be considered to be the basic amount of production created by an airline. RPM can be calculated by multiplying the number of filled seats by the number of miles flown. Over an airline’s system ASM can be compared to RPM to determine the total passenger load factor. RPM is frequently compared to ASM, as ASM determines the total number of passenger miles that could be produced to verify the amount of revenue

Creation Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Creation - Research Paper Example Conversely, the Buddhist worldview places little emphasis on the creation story and/or the understanding of such a concept as God; choosing instead to focus upon the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path as a means of personal enlightenment. However, it was ultimately stated by the Buddha that the world came into existence over the course of millions and millions of years in which life quite literally evolved within it. Rather than being spoken into existence within the space of a moment in time, the creation story of Buddhism is a seamless and continual loop of life death and rebirth that culminates in the world as we see it today (Schell 2). In such a way, there is not a definitive beginning or end to the earth and the life that it has. Conversely, the Christian approach has a definitive beginning and end. For this reason, the necessity of the faith to have a final rescuer, a redeemer, and a second coming is understood. Benstead, George. "Christian Creation Story." Innovations Learning - Welcome to Innovations Learning. N.p., 11  Apr.  2011. Web. 24  Feb.  2013.

A Strategic Plan for Personal Development Assignment

A Strategic Plan for Personal Development - Assignment Example Conclusion Abstract Leadership can be defined as the various processes that people of authority practice to influence their peers or subordinates to agree and understand how to improve performance and interpersonal communication to achieve collective objectives (Jones & Goffee, 2007).Leadership in the contemporary society has various definitions that relate to good communication and achieving set objectives (Daft, 2011). Some leaders incorporate the use of psychological techniques such as emotional intelligence to impact good leadership abilities among employees. I desire to be a leader can influence other people towards goal attainment and shares the same objective with peers. Introduction I believe such leadership will help me motivate my subordinates towards attainment of common objectives and enhance interpersonal communications (Daft, 2011). Leadership process is either interactive or linear. An interactive process is a two-way communication where leaders and their peers or foll owers communicate by raising concerns and receiving a direct feedback. A linear leadership process is an authoritative form of leadership where leaders make decisions and implement changes without consulting their followers (Daft, 2011). Leaders influence their peers, subordinates and other stakeholders. ... Trait in leaders implies that some people have the right personality, values, motives and skills to be good leaders. Literature Review a. Process versus trait Process in leadership implies that skills and abilities are acquired through education, coaching and mentoring (Jago, 2006). Leadership process is available to all hardworking and reformed entrepreneurs willing to change their cognitive and behavioral aspect of life. Leaders can learn from other famous and successful leaders how to become the best in their organization. Emotional intelligence is also essential while learning how to become an influential and effective leader. Most business leaders shape their skills with a Master’s Degree in Business Administration and changing their behavior to accommodate diverse culture and behavior exhibited by other people in an organization (Daft, 2011). Coaching and mentoring in a leadership process is very important because successful leaders shape the minds and behavior of young and aspiring leaders to become influential. Mentoring is a process where decisions are affected by the experienced leaders before any action is implemented. The mentor acts as counselor to an aspiring leader by listening and giving sound advice that is needed to achieve set objectives of becoming a good leader (Sindell & Hoang, 2001). Trait in leadership is an added value, which is innate in nature (Goffee & Jones, 2006). Some people are born with leadership personalities, values and physical characteristics. There are leaders that speak fluently and influence people with both spoken and written word. Some leaders are extroverts, which imply that they socialize with all employees, stakeholders and customers to acquire new views and concerns from

Faith-Based Social Service Organization Essay Example for Free

Faith-Based Social Service Organization Essay Habitat for Humanity does not give away free homes to anyone. Habitat for Humanity provides housing that families can afford. Every family that receives a home puts in as much work as a volunteer and they contribute 300 to 500 hours of sweat equity on the construction of their home or someone elses home, as their website states. The website states there are a lot of myths about Habitat for Humanity. People assume families receive completely free homes, when in fact this is not true. A lot of hard work goes into building these homes and all of the future home owners put in an equal amount of hard work. Habitat for Humanity receives many donations for a new home and provides the family with an affordable mortgage. Habitat for Humanity states â€Å"Habitat for Humanity offers homeownership opportunities to families who are unable to obtain conventional house financing. Generally, this includes those whose income is 30 to 50 percent of the areas median income. In most cases, prospective Habitat homeowner families make a $500 down payment. † Habitat for Humanity is a Christian based organization, but does not discriminate against religion. Habitat for Humanity provides homes for families of any religion, race, or any other difference. Habitat for Humanity also provides faith in communities and in stows Christian beliefs into families of need. Habitat for Humanity states â€Å"Habitats ministry is based on the conviction that to follow the teachings of Jesus Christ, we must love and care for one another. Our love must not be words only— it must be true love, which shows itself in action. Habitat provides an opportunity for people to put their faith and love into action. We bring diverse groups of people together to make affordable housing and better communities a reality for everyone. Habitat for Humanity has a strong Christian background; however, they accept anyone that believes in providing help for others. Habitat for Humanity also receives government funding to help families in need of homes. They accept donations from the government, but do not accept donations if it affects their Christian beliefs. Habitat for Humanity states â€Å"Habitat is an independent, nonprofit organization that accepts some government funds and other resources to help provide houses for those in need. We accept these funds as long as they do not limit our ability to demonstrate the love and teachings of Jesus Christ. Additionally, our local affiliates insert specific guidelines as needed to avoid becoming dependent on or controlled by government funds. † I found this statement to show how strongly faith-based this organization is. Habitat for Humanity is a very excellent organization and provides people with much more than just a home. They give families faith in their futures and provide a sense of stability for a family. I believe Habitat for Humanity has volunteers who are knowledgeable about the organization’s beliefs. I believe the lucky families also know about Habitat for Humanity’s beliefs and views of Christianity.

Football Academies Child protection Essay Example for Free

Football Academies  Child protection Essay Key factors of an enhanced Centre of Excellence and Football Academies  Child protection  All staff to be screened and registered  Each centre to designate a member of staff responsible form child  Protection and awareness training  Development of child protection policy  Limitation on numbers of Centres of excellence per club  Grievance procedure  Agreed football calendar including 36 in-service training for all staff  Staff to be required to maintain personal CPD portfolios  Guide lines to parents with regard to registration, educational needs etc  Player coach ratios  Mandatory coaching for goal keepers. PROVISIONS FOR MALE AND FEMALE COMPETITORS Football has always been the peoples game; because anyone can play it almost anywhere- you just need a ball and some friends. For anyone wanting to play football seriously there are opportunities to take part in football across the country. The levels of football opportunities available will vary from 5a-side leagues played indoor or outdoor after work right up to 11a-side competitive leagues played usually at weekends.  Football is now officially the biggest womens and girls sport in England. Research has shown that girls who want to play sport want to play football but just because you didnt play when you were young doesnt mean you cant play now. There are over 800 womens teams playing 11a-side competitive football every week throughout the August-May season. One of the reasons people get involved is because the equipment is so cheap. All you need a pair of shin pads, a pair of boots and the club usually supply the kit. If you want to get involved in football call the local rate line which will tell you of the teams available in your area and how you can join them. Call 0845 310 8555. PROVISIONS FOR DISABLED PARTICIPANTS There are currently six England squads for disabled participants. These are:  Blind-these people are classified according to their level of sight. Game is played on a solid surface. The football contains ball bearings so the players can hear the ball  Partially sighted-Players who have little sight in their eyes. Games played indoors with a size 4 ball, which doesnt bounce, as much as the normal ones Deaf and hearing impaired-Average hearing loss of 55 decibels in the better ear. Players must not wear hearing aids  Cerebral palsy-Players must be ambulant. 7a-side, 2 halves of 30 mins  Learning disabilities- players must have an intellectual disability (IQ below 75)  Amputee-outfield either above or below the knee single amputees and goalkeepers are single arm amputees  The teams all receive official England kit, a physio a fully trained technical adviser and money towards travel costs for attending European and World champion ships.  The aim of this is to see EVERYONE have the chance to play football even if they have a disability it doesnt stop them taking part in a separate game. CONCLUSION Overall I believe that the F.A. is doing nearly everything in its power to develop the game of football throughout the country and give just about everyone that wants a chance to play the option to participate. They are doing this through their initiatives for disabled and normal players and have made rule adaptations to fit their level sport. Although they are doing a lot, I believe they could do more by developing more courses for people who want to get involved with the more teaching side of football and make the option open for anyone who wants to attend a course i.e. coaching or referees easy access to areas close to home where they can participate.

Effects of Employee Rewards on Organisational Commitment

Effects of Employee Rewards on Organisational Commitment CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.0 Overview In any organization, employees rewards usually given to attract, motivate and retain the employees to stay longer and contribute a good quality services to ensure the successful of the organization; in other words, rewards play an important role in creating, building and maintaining the commitment among employees with the purpose to ensure high standard of performances and workforce stability. According to the individual organizational exchange theme, individuals enter the organization with special qualification and skill, desire and goals, and expect in return a work setting where they can use their skill, satisfy their desire, and achieve their goals (Mottaz, 1988). At the minimum, employees expect their organization to provide fair pay, safe working condition, and fair treatment. (Beer, Spector, Lawrence, Mills, Walton, 1984). It simply implies that employees offer or increase their commitment when organization meets employees expectation regarding fulfillment of their important needs. Thus, the exchange perspective explains organizational commitment as a function of work rewards and work values (Lambert, 2000; Mottazz, 1988), and suggests the importance of work rewards for continuously encouraging employees. According to exchange theory and reciprocity norm, employees repay the rewards received from organization through increase commitment to the organization, which re-enforce the exchange prevalent in the employee employer relationship in a mutually beneficial manner (Blau, 1964; Haar and Spell, 2004). In addition, Vroom, V.H (1964) maintained in his expectation theory that everyone works in expectation of some rewards in both spiritual and material. In the other words, the level of reward influences the quality and the quantity of work, and will response on their commitment to doing the job in the workplace. Therefore, this paper will study the relationship between various type of rewards (extrinsic/intrinsic) received by the employees and the component of organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative) focusing on hypermarket (retail industry) in Kota Kinabalu. 1.1 Research Problem Over the last two decades, much research has explored issues related to effects of employee benefits or rewards at individual levels. On the whole, most studies explored the impact of employees benefits or reward on turnover intention, satisfaction, productivity, mobility, attraction, retention also motivation. Little is known about whether rewards or benefits have impact on organizational commitment, specially in hypermarket (retail industry) in Malaysia context. Meyer and Smith (2000) had found out that despite the vast literature on job atttitue, the issue of commitment still remain ill-defined and ill-conceptualized. Reseachers argue these dissappointing reseach outcomes are due to a ‘lop-sided approach towards the study of commitment, which conceptualized as a uni-dimensional construct (Mowday et al., 1982) whereas commitment is actually found to be multidimensional construct comprising three components (Allen and Meyer, 1990). Thus, the relationship between rewards and commitment also required further attention because majority of studies have based their approach solely on the affective component of commitment, negleting the other two; continuance and normative (Dunham et al., 1994; Meyer and Smith, 2000). It is argue that reseach is required to explore further the entencedents, especially, with regard to normative and continuance commitment (Allen and Meyer, 1990; Dunham et al., 1994). Previous study by Neeru Molhotra at el (2007 ) tends to fill the gaps in the existing literature by doing the comparative effect of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards on the three components of commitment. However, as mention by reseachers, the possible differential antecedent of the three component model of commitment should continue to develop (Culpepper et al., 2004, Hacket et al., 1994; Meyer and Smith, 2000 ; Neeru Molhotra, Pawan Budhwar and Peter Prowse, 2007). Furthermore, it is essential for top management also to understand which rewards mean the most to which employees, given that the bases of thier commitment are distinct. Nevertheless, the great of the greater understanding of this organizational phonemenon increase daily. The major driving force behind this continue recognition of commitment in the management literature for more than three decades is that is often seen as the key of ‘business success (Benkhoff, 1997). The retail industry has always suffered from high employee turnover rates. High employee turnover is costly to retailers not only because it increases administrative costs in recruiting and training employees but it also reduces the operational capability of the retailer. Good et al (1988) had noted that the retail industry has one of the highest turnover rates at 30 percent. Turnover rate among retail management trainees, the entry position for retailing graduates, had been especially high with one study reporting the employee turnover rate as high as 49 percent. Yet, as Akehurst et al (1995) had noted, despite the importance of personnel issues in the retail industry, retail employment is a comparatively under-researched area. It had been suggested that high employee turnover in the retail industry is the result of the unique human resource environment in the retail industry. A career in the retail industry is not appealing to many workers. Coupled with the need to employ large numbers of workers in the industry, the retail industry is forced to employ large number of workers who are not motivated or interested to remain in the industry. This has resulted in high employee turnover rates in the industry. This statement was admitted by HR Manager of Giant and Servay Hypermarket, theyve said that turn over rate in their hypermarket quite high where employees reported in and out monthly. Meanwhile, these day one of the major problems by all companies is the lack of the total commitment from their employees. In Malaysia for example, it is comman complaint that employees are no more loyal as they used to be in the past. As a result of lower commitment, employees leave their companies for slighty higher pay. And to cope with this problem, they have to adopted many programmes and strategies, which tries to restore employees commitment. Higher salaries can increase the attractiveness of a job, including in the retailing job (Swinyard et al 1991). To motivate employees, retailers should review their reward policies and ensure that they are still competitive (Levy et al 2001). Base on above analysis, this study tends to examine the relationship between various intrinsic and exrinsic rewards and three component of organization commitment, taking the multidimensional perspective of commitment in retail industry which is hypermarket in Kota Kinablu area. 1.2 Research Question The study aims to understand the relationship between rewards and organizational commitment among workers in hypermarket (Kota Kinabalu). Accordingly, few main research questions are examined in the research; Is there a significant relationship between extrinsic rewards (working condition, pay satisfaction, satisfaction with fringe benefits and promotional opportunities) and organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative) among workers in hypermarket (Kota Kinabalu). Is there a significant relationship between intrinsic rewards (supervision, training and feedback) and organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative) among workers in hypermarket (Kota Kinabalu). 1.3 Research Objective Based on the assumption that employees rewards tend to attract, retain, and motivate employee, which eventually increase employee commitment, the purpose of this study are; To examine the relationship between extrinsic rewards (working condition, pay satisfaction, satisfaction with fringe benefits and promotional opportunities) and organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative) among workers in hypermarket (Kota Kinabalu). To examine the relationship between intrinsic rewards (supervision, training and feedback) and organizational commitment (affective, continuance and normative) among workers in hypermarket (Kota Kinabalu). 1.4 Scope Of The Study The retail industry is used in this study to measure the relationship between rewards and organizational commitment in the industry. This is because; retail industry is the most important sector in terms of volume and value. Retail has been one of the most active sub-sectors in the Malaysian economy, also the second biggest contributor to the national GDP, contributing RM31,081 million (AUD14,603 million) in 2000 (Eighth Malaysia Plan, 2001). Based on Euromonitor‘s Retailing Report in Malaysia (2008), four main retail formats are hypermarket, supermarket, convenience store, and traditional grocery store; however, this study will only focus on one of retail format which is Hypermarket. The study was conducted in the Kota Kinabalu area using non probability and convenience sampling. Kota Kinabalu was chosen due to the number and large variety of choice of formats available and also its highly dense population in Sabah. 1.4.1 Retail Industry in Malaysia The rapid expansion of the Malaysian economy over the last few decades, combined with external and social influences has led to a boom in the retail industry. Consequently, the retail industry in Malaysia is highly fragmented, as there are a lot of retailers entering the competitive market each year. Retail in Malaysia is wide-ranging; from department stores, hypermarket, supermarkets and mini markets, specialty shops, convenience stores, provision stores, pharmacies, medical halls, direct sale, wet market stalls to pavement shops and petrol kiosks (Seventh Malaysia Plan, 1996). Such variety reflects the changing demands and expectations among consumers for better quality products and services. The retail environment in Malaysia has undergone a continuous and marked change over the decades. New facilities ranging from supermarkets and superstores to retail warehouses and convenience stores have been added to the retail landscape, much at the expense of the traditional shop houses. The retail sector has been very active in the last few years due to the strong economic growth which had led to an increase in income levels and spending power. Furthermore, Malaysia has become a prime target for foreign investors like the Japanese, Americans and Europeans. Participation by foreign investors will support the industry by introducing future products for the higher quality of life as well as environmentally-friendly products. 1.4.2 Definition of Retail Retailing refers to all activities directly related to the selling of small quantities of goods and services, at a profit, to the ultimate customers for personal consumption and non-business use (Mohd-Said, 1990). Guy (1980) for instance has categorized retail trade into three groups: (a) convenience goods which include groceries and daily provisions; (b) shopping or comparison goods which refer to relatively more expensive items bought at less regular intervals; and (c) specialty goods which are unique items that appeal to customers of the higher income level. Goldman and Hino (2005) have divided the retail trade depending on size large scale or small scale. The 13 small scale retailers are also referred to as the traditional retail store where they include the single propriety stores, wet market, and mini market. Whilst the large scale retailers, which are also known as the modern retailers include superstores, department stores, hypermarkets, and discount stores. Nevertheless, according to Miller and Layton (2000), many stores can still be grouped into the following retail types; A department storecarries a wide variety of shopping and specialty goods, including apparel, cosmetics, house wares, and electronics products. Some departmental stores even attached a supermarket. A superstore or hypermarketis a very large store that aims at meeting consumers‘total needs for routinely purchased food and non-food items. It carries personal care products, alcoholic beverages and tobacco products, stationary and sewing supplies, hardware items, garden products, some clothing some leisure-time products and offers household services such as dry cleaning, laundry and shoe repairs. A discount storeis a retailer that competes on the basis of low price, high turnover and high volume. Supermarketsare large, low cost, low margin, high volume, self-service stores that cater to serve the consumer‘s total needs for food and household products. In Malaysia, the supervision of the wholesale and retail sector falls under the supervision of the Ministry of Domestic Trade and Consumer Affairs (MDTCA) through the Committee on Wholesale and Retail Trade. The Committee was set up in 1995 to regulate and supervise the industry, including foreign participation in the sector. 1.4.3 Hypermarkets In Malaysia, the hypermarket has grown rapidly since the 1990s. The emergence of hypermarkets has altered the structure of the distributive trade in Malaysia to some extent. The existence of hypermarkets has allowed the consumers to do their shopping easily with less hassle as they can purchase the grocery products and mass merchandise under one-roof. A research carried out by Euromonitor (2008) revealed that hypermarkets recorded sales of RM6,217 million in 2007, which represents a 263.2 percent increase since 2002. Euromonitor has forecasted that the sales in hypermarkets will reach RM11,199.5 million by 2012. The success of the hypermarket chains is largely due to their low price, wide range of offerings, customer service and strategic location (Seiders and Tigert, 2000; Carpenter, 2008). The hypermarket industry is dominated by the foreign retailers, namely, Carrefour, Giant, and Tesco. This is because multinational companies have a greater capability in terms of outlet expansion, development of private label products, and offer extensive ranges of products and value-added services. In 2007, the hypermarket market was led by Giant, followed by Carrefour and Tesco (Euromonitor, 2008). The dominance of Giant is largely due to the high number of outlets available in Malaysia. Despite there being only a few key players, the hypermarket environment is highly competitive. This is because the retailers employ similar positioning strategy in order to attract more consumers. Most of the hypermarket operators compete on pricing and promotion to attract more customers. Some retailers even reduce prices permanently in order to attract more people to the stores. Major promotions and advertisements are some of the key growth strategies utilized In the hypermarket segment, the main players are foreign owned retailers such as Carefour (France), Makro (Holland), Jaya Jusco (Japan), Tesco (United Kingdom) and Giant (Hong Kong) which account for 46 per cent of the hypermarket sector (Economic Report, 2005/2006). By 2005 there were around 400 foreign supermarkets and hypermarkets spread around the country including the sub-urban areas in Kuala Lumpur and Selangor, and other states such as Perak, Johor, Negeri Sembilan, Melaka, Kedah, Sabah and Sarawak. This retail segment was the best performers among the retail sub-sector with 18.3 per cent growth during first month of 2006 (Economic Report, 2006/2007). This study was confined to the hypermarket in Kota Kinabalu area. According to Trading Licence Listing(Table 1.1) from Kota Kinabalu City Hall, there are only two hypermarket in Kota Kinabalu, namely Giant and Servey Hypermarket Parkwell. Giant Hypermarket, which is owned by Giant Capital Holdings (GCH), is one of the largest hypermarkets in Malaysia. It was founded in 1944 by the Teng family in Kuala Lumpur. Its headquarter is based at Shah Alam, Selangor, meanwhile Sabah-Sarawak-Brunei Regional headquarter is located in Kolombong Outlet, Kota Kinabalu. Giant Hypermarket currently has around 1,000 employee in Sabah itself, and 10,000 employees in total nationwide. There are about 14 outlet store of Giant Hypermarket around Kota Kinabalu; 4 hypermarket, 7 supermarket and 3 superstore. However, this study will only focus in Giant Hypermarket which is located either in Kolombong, 1Borneo, Putatan and City Mall. Furthermore, Servay Parkwell are the homegrown Sabah Sarawak proud success story, operating one of the leading hypermarket Sabah Sarawak. It is formed in 1979 under Evergreen Trading (1979) Sdn Bhd. Under the group of companies, it encompasses 5 major subsidiaries companies label, they are the retail brands of: Servay Hypermarket (Sabah) Sdn Bhd Servay Supermarket Sdn Bhd Servay Hypermarket (Sandakan) Sdn Bhd Servay Jaya Superstore Sdn Bhd Parkwell Departmental Stores Sdn Bhd Currently, Servay Hypermarket has 10 store outlet around Sabah; 4 hypermarkets, 5 supermarkets and 1 departmental store. However, this study will only focus in Servay Hypermarket in Kota Kinabalu which is located either in Penampang, Putatan, KK Plaza and Likas. 1.5 Significance of the Study This research will endeavor to make both a theoretical and practical contribution to the existing literature:- 1.5.1 Significance to Body of Knowledge This study will contribute additional knowledge to the construct of organizational commitment in relation to extrinsic and intrinsic rewards. Thus far, there is evidence that these rewards are positively related to Organizational Commitment (Neeru Malhotra., et al (2007), Bunmi Omolayo, A.B. Owolabi (2007), Ian O. Williamson at el., (2009), However, it is hoped this study will add to the body of knowledge in terms multidimensional construct of Organizational Commitment among hypermarket employees in Malaysia, especially in Kota Kinabalu. 1.5.2 Significance to Human Resource Practitioners The significance of this research is aimed to produce some kind of practical guidance and benefits to the human resource managers in to help them better plan and move towards retaining their employees through designing a good and attractive rewards system. It is hoped that this study provides some valuable insights to any retail organization which seeks to create the appropriate work environment or establish the significant organizational rewards which encourage hypermarket employees to be committed to their current organization and continue their service with them. Additionally, this study might contribute to a better understanding of three dimensional of organizational commitment, and also its role in enhancing employees sense of attachment and membership to their organization. Therefore, the results of this research may guide human resource managers to incorporate organizational rewards to improve the work environment, motivational level, and retention, enhance O.C. and thereby reduce turnover, increase productivity, and enhance performance. Each committed employee is a vital ingredient to the success of any hypermarket organization. 1.6 Definition of Key Variable In order to have a sound understanding of this study, the following are the definitions of the key variables for this study. 1.6.1 Rewards Reward refers to all forms of financial returns, tangible services and benefits which an employee receives as part of an employment relationship (Bratton and Gold, 1994). According to Porter and Lawler (1968), rewards can be divided into two type; intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Katz and Van Maanan (1977) have further classified work rewards into three distinct categories of task, social and organizational rewards. Task rewards are intrinsic rewards, while social and organizational rewards are extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic rewards are those that resulting from extrinsic, non-job-related factors. Social rewards (friendly, helpful and supportive co-workers and considerate supervisors) are those that are derived from interaction with others on the job; while organizational rewards (working conditions, pay satisfaction, benefits, and promotional opportunities) are those that are provided by the organization and are aimed at motivating performance and maintaining membership. On the other hand, intrinsic rewards are inherent in the content of the job itself. They include motivational job characteristics such as feedback (Hackman and Oldham, 1976). Individuals at all levels of the organization recognize the importance of continually upgrading their skills, and regard access to training as a ‘key element in the overall reward package (Armstrong, 1993: 121). Training is regarded as an important non-financial motivator and thus can be considered as an intrinsic reward. 1.6.2 Organization Commitment The concept of organizational commitment has been defined in many ways. Zheng Wei Bo et al (2009) had concludes the evaluation of OC from 1960-2009 in different period to defined Organization Commitment. From side-bet thinking till affective dependence even multi-dimension period, commitment author have identified different theories to explain the correlations between the foci of OC and outcome. Commitment was initially defined and studied as one dimensional construct tied either to ones emotional attachment to an organizational (Porter et al., 1974), or to the costs associated with the exit (Becker, 1960). As work in this area progressed, this view of commitment converged and a new, multidimensional dimension framework was adopted base on three distinct but related form of commitment: affective, continuance and normative (Allen Meyer, 1990). The affective commitment refer to sn emotional attachment and the involvement with an organization while continuance commitment denotes the perceived costs of leaving an organization (Allen Meyer, 1991). Normative commitment ia newer addition to commitment to the commitment topology and its views as felt responsibility to support and remain a member of an organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). 1.7 Summary and Organization Of The Study This study present in three chapters. Chapter 1 concerned on the study overview, problem statement, research question and objectives, scope and significance of the study as well as definitions of key variables. Whereas Chapter 2 the Literature Review focus on the previous research and discusses the key variable such as extrinsic and intrinsic rewards as independent variables in this study as well as the dependant variable. In Chapter 3 represent the research methodology, in which explain how study is designed in terms of its sample size, data collection method, instrument and data analysis technique. CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 INTRODUCTION Encouraging employees to work and be committed toward achieving organizations goals and objectives is one of the most significant challenges for any management. It involves active relationship with the organization in which employees are willing to give something of them in order to help the organization to succeed and prosper. According to March and Simeon (1958:52), real commitment often evolves into an exchange relationship in which individuals attach themselves to the organization in return for certain rewards or outcomes. Usually, employees will feel committed when their needs are met and fulfilled by their organizations. According to Maslow (1954), human needs are arranged in a hierarchical order, and once a need is satisfied, the individual move to the next unsatisfied need which now forms the basis for his/her behavior. These needs are the physiological needs (which include food, clothing, shelter, water, and sex), security needs (such as job security, protection of life and property), social needs (such as need for affection, friendship, and sense of belonging), esteem needs (which include need for recognition, accomplishment, achievement, and self respect), and self-actualization needs (which is the need for an employee to reach his/her highest potential at workplace in conquering his/her environment). Rewards are something given or obtained in return for work done or service rendered. Vroom (1964:134) asserts that the expectation (reward) of employees on task performed motivates and encourages them to be committed. Thus, the higher the expectation of workers, the greater the commitment. On the other hand, the lesser the expectation of workers, the lower the commitment. 2.1 Literature Review Conceptual Background 2.1.1 Organizational Commitment (OC) Research on OC spans over four decade and remains an area of interest to both researchers and practitioners. Commitment of an employee to his or her employing organization or known as Organizational commitment (OC), has received much attention in the literature but different definitions continue to be used. Zheng Wei Bo et al (2009) had concludes the evaluation of OC from 1960-2009 as illustrated in Table 2.1. From side-bet thinking till affective dependence even multi-dimension period, commitment author have identified different theories to explain the correlations between the foci of OC and outcomes. Table 2.1: Evaluation Of Organizational Commitment Commitment was initially defined and studied as one dimensional construct tied either to ones emotional attachment to an organizational (Porter et al., 1974), or to the costs associated with the exit (Becker, 1960). As work in this area progressed, this view of commitment converged and a new, multidimensional dimension framework was adopted base on three distinct but related form of commitment: affective, continuance and normative (Allen Meyer, 1990). The affective commitment refer to sn emotional attachment and the involvement with an organization while continuance commitment denotes the perceived costs of leaving an organization (Allen Meyer, 1991). Normative commitment ia newer addition to commitment to the commitment topology and its views as felt responsibility to support and remain a member of an organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). Furthermore, the concept of commitment in the workplace is still one of the most challenging and researched concepts in the fields of management, organizational behavior and Human Resource Management. A great deal of research has been devoted to studying the antecedents and outcomes of commitment in work setting. The conceptual and operational development of organizational commitment has affected the conceptualization and measurement of other commitment forms such as commitment to the occupation, the job, the workgroup, the union and the work itself (Cohen, 2003; Gordon, Philpot et al., 1980; Morrow, 1993). Blau and Boal (1987) discussed two approaches in defining commitment. The first one, referred as behavior approach where the individual viewed as committed to an organization if he/she is bound by past actions of â€Å"sunk cost† (fringe benefit, salary as a function of age or tenure) and the second one are referred as attitudinal approach where organizational commitment is viewed as a more positive individual orientation towards the organization; here, organizational commitment is defined as a state in which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goal, and he/she wishes to maintain membership in the organization in order to facilitate its goals. Attitudinal commitment is affective in nature; employees are emotionally attached to the organization and view their goals and organizational goals are similar. In summary, OC can be defined as a psychological state characterize an employees relationship with the organization that has implication for the employees decision whether to remain or leave the organization. Commitment reflects the employees acceptance of the organizations goal and willingness to engage in the behavior that is specified in the job description. OC can be considered to be affective response or attitude which link or attach an employee to the organization. In the other words, OC can be defined as the degree to which an employees experiences a ‘sense of oneness with their organization. However, for the purpose of this study, the following definition of OC as provided by Allen and Meyer (1990) was used. It has become clear that during the last decade, OC was conceptualizing as multidimensional construct that involve three dimensions as mention before. 2.1.2 Allens and Meyers Model of Organization Commitment (OC) Meyer and Allen (1990) had defined OC as pychological state that bind the individu to the organization. For that extend, they have developed a three component conceptualization of organizational commitm

A Patriarchal World Essay -- essays papers

A Patriarchal World John Bodnar says it well when he suggests that "the center of everyday life was to be found in the family-household. It was here that past values and present realities were reconciled, examined on an intelligible scale, evaluated and mediated." This assertion implies that the immigrant family-household is the vehicle of assimilation. I will take this assertion a step further and examine more specifically the powerful role of the patriarchal father within Anzia Yezierska's book Bread Givers and Barry Levinson's film Avalon. Yezierska's theme vividly depicts the constraint of a patriarchal world, while Levinson illustrates the process of assimilation and the immigrant, now American, family and its decline. In this paper, I will exemplify how the patriarchal father, Sam Kochinsky (Armin Mueller-Stahl) and Reb Smolinsky are the key determinant of the dynamics by which the family assimilates. In assimilation, you are said to conform to your surroundings. Assimilation is a process by which you reconcile the ideal with reality. Dealing with virtually three generations of an entire Jewish American immigrant experience, Levinson illustrates not necessarily the merging of two cultures, but possibly the tainting of authenticity, clouding (memories of) the familiar-the villain being the television. The happy community of extended family is, in the end, supplanted by the glowing idiot box that kills conversation and turns its suburban audience into zombies. In Yezierska's work, she epitomizes the struggle between the Old World and the New World. The patriarchal father, representing traditional Jewish ways, and Sara Smolinsky, the heroine, struggling against her father with the desire to reconcile with reality. In Bread Givers, Yezierska symbolically depicts Sara as the immigrant parting her ways as she embarks anew on the journey that was given to her when she arrived by which to transform her life-dealing with the daily transformation as she struggles to hold together the wants of society and her (families) authenticity in these days of deep troubles. The head of the family, Reb Smolinsky is an immovably Orthodox Jewish rabbi, who lives by the Holy Torah, and expects his family to do the same. His reign over the family reinforces Old World, traditional values and beliefs. Reb holds to the Torah belief that "if they [women] let... ...ggested an adaptation in the hopes that Jules would simply have a better life than that of a wallpaper-hanger. In putting television in place a New World, Levinson portrays how a cheap, gaudy, poor substitute somehow seduced and enraptured the family. Perhaps Levinson is saying that although it may be the easier to converge, assimilation is too costly. On the other hand, you have Reb whose stubborn beliefs and male superiority coupled with a passive wife allow him to claim control over his daughter's lives. Resentment is quite damaging and separates families as well. Either way you look at it the outlook is favorable for neither assimilation nor isolation. And so I conclude in saying that the patriarchal father has an especially important role and while he needs the strength found in Yezierska's character, Reb, (in order to hold the family together) he must also be willing to adapt to a changing reality. Immigration is neither a call for assimilation nor isolation. Indivi duality is important, but why resist change when you can better yourself in the process. Bibliography: Levinson, Barry. Avalon. 1990. Yesierska, Anzia. Bread Givers. Persea Books: New York, 1999.

ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT :: Essays Papers

ALL QUIET ON THE WESTERN FRONT All Quiet on the Western Front, written by Erich Maria Remarque is a first hand experience account of the war. The horror of the war and Remarque's own terrifying experiences and memories would certainly have effected what he wrote. All Quiet on the Western Front was published in March 1929, London. The late publication of the novel may have been due to the grief and trauma that Remarque experienced in the war. All Quite on the Western Front was written for the millions of men who fought for their countries. Remarque's intent, is to recount the pain and misery that the soldiers experienced during the war and to acknowledge their remarkable courage. Remarque does not mention any specific country or nationality in his book, in order for all soldiers to be identified as a whole, they all had the same goals and experienced the same fears, regardless of their nationality. â€Å" A generation of men†¦ who were destroyed by war† Remarque's comment would have been prompted by his own experiences of war and how he, like all soldiers were a generation destroyed by patriarchy, they fought for the love of their country. â€Å"Even though they have escaped its shells, (they) were destroyed by war.† Remarque means that they may have escaped the battle physically, but emotionally they are unable to escape the horror and the lasting effects of the brutality of war. Paul and Kat were two characters in the novel that represented the typical 20th century soldier. They dealt with malnourished and dealt with disease and death everyday, like most soldiers they had to come to terms with life at war and in the trenches. The soldiers changed a great deal, each day they had to become stronger and stronger as the war became more brutal. Comrade companionship is the one thing that kept the soldiers from falling completely apart. They strongly relied on one another to help them when injured, mentally and physically. They helped eachother by cooperating and sharing food. The soldier’s minds were re-adjusted due to the war and they knew that fate was in their own hands and the hands of their comrades. Paul felt truly at home on the front. He was seen as somewhat of a hero. He had a very difficult time readjusting when he was injured and sent home.

Dial-Up Scripting Command Language :: essays research papers

Table of Contents 1.0 Overview 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script 3.0 Variables 3.1 System Variables 4.0 String Literals 5.0 Expressions 6.0 Comments 7.0 Keywords 8.0 Commands 9.0 Reserved Words 1.0 Overview Many Internet service providers and online services require you to manually enter information, such as your user name and password, to establish a connection. With Scripting support for Dial-Up Networking, you can write a script to automate this process. A script is a text file that contains a series of commands, parameters, and expressions required by your Internet service provider or online service to establish the connection and use the service. You can use any text editor, such as Microsoft Notepad, to create a script file. Once you've created your script file, you can then assign it to a specific Dial-Up Networking connection by running the Dial-Up Scripting Tool. 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script A command is the basic instruction that a script file contains. Some commands require parameters that further define what the command should do. An expression is a combination of operators and arguments that create a result. Expressions can be used as values in any command. Examples of expressions include arithmetic, relational comparisons, and string concatenations. The basic form of a script for Dial-Up Networking follows: ; ; A comment begins with a semi-colon and extends to ; the end of the line. ; proc main ; A script can have any number of variables ; and commands variable declarations command block endproc A script must have a main procedure, specified by the proc keyword, and a matching endproc keyword, indicating the end of the procedure. You must declare variables before you add commands. The first command in the main procedure is executed, and then any subsequent commands are executed in the order they appear in the script. The script ends when the end of the main procedure is reached. 3.0 Variables Scripts may contain variables. Variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore ('_'), and may contain any sequence of upper- or lower-case letters, digits, and underscores. You cannot use a reserved word as a variable name. For more information, see the list of reserved words at the end of this document. You must declare variables before you use them. When you declare a variable, you must also define its type. A variable of a certain type may only contain values of that same type. The following three types of variables are supported: Type Description integer A negative or positive number, such as 7, -12, or 5698. string A series of characters enclosed in double-quotes; for example, "Hello world!" or "Enter password:". Dial-Up Scripting Command Language :: essays research papers Table of Contents 1.0 Overview 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script 3.0 Variables 3.1 System Variables 4.0 String Literals 5.0 Expressions 6.0 Comments 7.0 Keywords 8.0 Commands 9.0 Reserved Words 1.0 Overview Many Internet service providers and online services require you to manually enter information, such as your user name and password, to establish a connection. With Scripting support for Dial-Up Networking, you can write a script to automate this process. A script is a text file that contains a series of commands, parameters, and expressions required by your Internet service provider or online service to establish the connection and use the service. You can use any text editor, such as Microsoft Notepad, to create a script file. Once you've created your script file, you can then assign it to a specific Dial-Up Networking connection by running the Dial-Up Scripting Tool. 2.0 Basic Structure of a Script A command is the basic instruction that a script file contains. Some commands require parameters that further define what the command should do. An expression is a combination of operators and arguments that create a result. Expressions can be used as values in any command. Examples of expressions include arithmetic, relational comparisons, and string concatenations. The basic form of a script for Dial-Up Networking follows: ; ; A comment begins with a semi-colon and extends to ; the end of the line. ; proc main ; A script can have any number of variables ; and commands variable declarations command block endproc A script must have a main procedure, specified by the proc keyword, and a matching endproc keyword, indicating the end of the procedure. You must declare variables before you add commands. The first command in the main procedure is executed, and then any subsequent commands are executed in the order they appear in the script. The script ends when the end of the main procedure is reached. 3.0 Variables Scripts may contain variables. Variable names must begin with a letter or an underscore ('_'), and may contain any sequence of upper- or lower-case letters, digits, and underscores. You cannot use a reserved word as a variable name. For more information, see the list of reserved words at the end of this document. You must declare variables before you use them. When you declare a variable, you must also define its type. A variable of a certain type may only contain values of that same type. The following three types of variables are supported: Type Description integer A negative or positive number, such as 7, -12, or 5698. string A series of characters enclosed in double-quotes; for example, "Hello world!" or "Enter password:".

Puritans vs. Native Americans Essay

In 1608, a group of Christian separatists from the Church of England fled to the Netherlands and then to the â€Å"New World† in search of the freedom to practice their fundamentalist form of Christianity (dubbed Puritanism). The group of people known as the Native Americans (or American Indians) are the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northern and Southern American continents who are believed to have migrated across the Bering land bridge from Asia around 30,000 years ago. When these two societies collided, years of enforced ideology, oppression and guerrilla warfare were begun. The great barriers of religion, ethics and world-views are the three largest factors which lead to the culture clash between the Puritans and the Native Americans. Religion played a very important role in both Puritan and Native American society, though their ideologies differed greatly. According to Puritan beliefs, God had chosen a select number of people to join him in heaven as his elect. The Native Americans, on the other hand, believed that everyone was the same; no one was better than anyone else. As Sitting Bull once said, â€Å"Each man is good in [the Great Spirit’s] sight. (Quotes from our Native Past). This theory was in direct conflict with the Puritan’s view. The means through which the beliefs of these two groups were carried on also differed greatly. The Puritans had their Bible which detailed their entire religion and held the answers to all possible questions. The Native Americans on the other hand relied on oral transmission of their theology. Thus, while the Puritans had a constant place to turn to when they wanted to figure out what they believed, Native Americans were forced to fill in the blanks between stories they had heard when it came to their basic ideals. This aspect made them both unable to relate to one another. The most prominent difference between the two religions were their gods. The Puritans believed in one God and one God only. The Native Americans, though also worshipping their own almighty â€Å"Great Spirit,† took further reverence for all living (and once living) things, worshipping the trees and their ancestors as well as their omnipotent Tirawa (or Wakan Tanka). The Puritans, holding all aspects of the Bible literal and as divine mandate, saw this worship of beings other than their God as idolatry (which was in clear violation of the first commandment). Therefore, the Puritans held the Native American society as a society wallowing in sin. Sin was the basis for another big hurdle in Puritan/Indian relations; their differing sets of moral and ethical values. The Puritans valued their faith above anything else. They believed that their conviction for God held precedence over anything else. Even their actions were of less consequence than their faith. The Native Americans, on the other hand, lived their faith and used their actions as tools of their beliefs. Rituals like food preparation and dancing were all actions giving veneration to the spirits of nature. Puritans also believed in the buying and selling of land, a practice completely foreign to the Native Americans. As Crazy Horse said, â€Å"One does not sell the land people walk on† (Quotes from out Native Past). As for the augmentation of terrain, utilization of natural resources and â€Å"beautification† of the land (which the Puritans took part of and advocated), the Paiute Indian Wovoka was quoted, â€Å"You ask me to plow the ground. Shall I take a knife and tear at my mother’s bosom? Then when I die she will not take me to her bosom to rest. You ask me to dig for stones! Shall I dig under her skin for bones? Then when I die I cannot enter her body to be born again. You ask me to cut the grass and make hay and sell it and be rich like white men, but how dare I cut my mother’s hair? † (Quotes from our Native Past) The Puritans were unable to understand why the Indians viewed their cultivation of the land as barbarism, and the Native Americans were also unable to understand why the Puritans viewed their lack of clothing and lack of forced organized worship as savagery. The final, and arguably most important, of the factors leading to the Native American and Puritan culture clash was the conflict of self and world views held by the two groups. The Puritans viewed themselves as flawed and (basically) evil. According to Eagle Chief, a Pawnee Indian, â€Å"In our minds we are two, good and evil. † (Quotes from our Native Past). Also, the Puritans believed that the mortal world was temporary and of little consequence. They believed that the only place of significance was the next world; Heaven or Hell. The Native Americans, on the other hand, believed that the world they inhabited was the next world. They thought that by dying, they simply returned to the earth. With this train of thought, it seems unlikely that they would be forced into worship through fear if they knew that they were headed home no matter what practices they held in life. The Puritans believed in a specific set of religious ideals, while the Native Americans had a less conformist view of worship. The Puritans held things like faith and use of the land over the Native Americans’ daily ritual and reverence for nature. The Puritans considered themselves all evil and considered life as a momentary transition, while the Indians thought of themselves as equal halves of good and evil and mortal life (and its logical successor) as fundamentally the same thing. These three things all contributed to the cultural conflict that plagued the Native Americans and Caucasians for years.

Physically old but young in mind Essay

Physic eachy doddering but young in lookLate adulthood is a developmental st succession where senior(a) citizens belong. It is the period generator in the sixties or mid-seventies and lasting until death based on our psychology subject. It is the season of adjustment to fall strength and health, life review, put underment, and adjustment to sunrise(prenominal) social roles. People be utter to be senior citizens when they reach the age of sixty or sixty-five because those ar the ages at which most people retire from their work. As teenagers we should compliance those people who be now in this stage of their life. nonpareil of the simplest reason to respect the elders is that we approve them . They cope for us when we are sick , construct for us , contend for us , verbalize to us teach us and experience us more than life itself. We love them , we follow them and their words .They show us their love by the acts of kindness and care , we show it by respect . recko n is part of love, love doesnt pull round with step up respect and respect is one and only(a) of legion(predicate) signs of love.To let the elders know you care, just respect their words and actions. This leave cement your intercourse and trust will multiply in no time. Life becomes easier for us when we arouse our elders on our side during our struggles. Also, when we require grandm differents and or grandfathers we want them to be happy. We do all things and spend a lot of time for them to enjoy the last years of their lives. still sadly, many another(prenominal) people send or put them in a hospital or home for the agent peradventure because they think that its a use up of time if they will take the responsibility of taking care of these elders. Being in a senior citizens stage, one essential not think that he will stop exploring about things. Living in the past memories alone is to stay inactive. In order to stay active, one mustiness(prenominal) find tonic be ar ons create in spite of appearance him a love for life must not be content to evidently watch life move on rather he must be willing to take part in it. Anyone of us basis stir up a new spirit of interest and enthusiasm within. If one starts to think of himself as being too old to work out a new start, this is merely an excuse. unity whitethorn take up a hobby, call up old friends or relatives, start writing a intercommunicate or journal, learn a new art or technology, lead a spiritual life or aim oneself in all other activities one wanted to do, but could not do due to a genuine pretermit of time before retirement. Senior citizens should ask themselves in engaging activities to stay fitting and prevent memory loss because at this stage oflife, they may be given over to diseases, syndromes and sickness. Seniors that participate in group activities may share laughter and joy. This develops a hold fast experience between them. playacting games potbelly be the answer to relieving depression, anxiety and loneliness. applied science has evolved where game consoles can read the crusade or activity of your body. Senior citizens who commence never played video games may be intimidated because of the game or complex control schemes. However, there are now games on the market specifically for seniors that are fun and some are even group oriented. other games turn in challenges such as crossword puzzles, Sudoku or head teasers.These can enhance a senior citizens memory. Seniors also have the opportunity to go on trips and publish things they couldnt before. This could be due to obligations or responsibilities such as work or being a full-time advance that didnt allow them to pursue conk out earlier in life. Retirees may pay off the free time to explore other cultures in different states or continents. They can go on aerial tours or on cruise vacations to see noted landmarks and experience the world. They also need to exercise, and market-garden ing provides that source. According to Senior Journal, gardening is pleasurable for seniors to meet the physical activity requirements indispensable to stay in good health. The taradiddle came from the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and the American College of Sports care for (ACSM). Gardening has a calming tack because seniors are creating and nurturing flower beds or increase their knowledge herbs and vegetables. some other help for senior citizens is the regular massage therapy that can pardon stress, improve posture, circulation, relax muscles and control pain. therapeutical massages provide relief of daily stress associated with stress and can help with the retrieval process of various medical anatomys. Another very popular activity for the of age(p) is ceramics. Many ceramic makes only need light sanding and painting, resulting in a scenic and rewarding finished piece.This type of project offers a wonderful way for seniors to drop down the time either at hom e. Other suitable crafts for senior citizens includes painting, photography, sewing, scrapbooking and many others. Playing games and solving puzzles are also an excellent cognitive activities for older seniors. These types of activities engage the brain keeping it stimulated and vital. This includes dominoes, card games, chess, scrable, bingo, jigsaw puzzles crossword and sodoku. By adapting these activities and games to the needs oftheir limitations, many seniors are able to enjoy the health and social benefits of staying active. The benefits may include amiable stimulation that keeps the mind fit and challenged, Reestablishing deferred payment skills, Enhancing the seniors memory, A healthier and longer life, Social interaction and friendships, displace rates of depression, and A reduction in muscle and joint pain. What gets old is body, not mind and soul. spirit does not age, and age of mind is a choice. One can be physically young but drained out in mind or physically old but young in mind. It is the people who really develop their own adjustment in whatever condition of life.

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essay

Infrastructure is currently an agency, instead of an asset.Thus, a foundation in which an organization can determine how to achieve current and future aims. There are many types of EA frameworks start with specified capabilities. Some of these frameworks include ToGAF, Zachman, FEAF, DoDAF and EAP. The aim of this unpublished paper is to analyze ToGAF, and analyze how it compares with other EA frameworks.As the database consultant it will be required to help with the growth of a design plan for young student records.Business architecture allows the definition of governance, business strategy, the organization and any other important processes of the given organization.Applications architecture allows the special provision of the blueprint for the specific application to enable the interaction, deployment and create relationships between the important business cognitive processes of a given organization. Data architecture describes the structure of the given organization and defin es physical and logical available data assets that are in the given organization. Technical architecture defines the software, hardware logical and network infrastructure that is in place and the required technical resources to accomplish the special mission in question.

Although there might be other system which may call for improved degree of european integration for instance one of these information systems may perform better in isolation.Its ability to be tailored ensures that organizational needs are factored in each of the different execution steps of the architecture planning process. The process is usually cyclic and iterative because the entire process is split into phases. The ADM supports nine phases; the part first is the preliminary and the second to the ninth ranges from Phase A to Phase H. Each phase requirements are checked and ensured that it fulfills its basic needs.Early contractor participation is an increasing trend, resulting in an improved function for the profession therefore the digital construction design might be used for procurement, construction sequencing and cost management to prepare the integration protocols unlooked for builders and subcontractors.Enterprise Continuum brings together Solutions and Architecture Continuum. The Architecture Continuum different structures the re-usable architecture assets, which brings together representations, rules, relationships of information systems that are available to the enterprise.The Solutions Continuum defines the blocks that are used by the Architecture Continuum. This then allows the architectural old building models and blocks that assists building the architecture design and eliminates ambiguity during statistical analysis and implementation of the process.

Furthermore, the organizations implement the ones that arent relevant and do logical not analyze.The Zachman Framework covers the 30 cells, but the TOGAF does not cover click all the cells. However, it is possible for the TOGAF to develop viewpoints to accomplish aspects of Zachman Framework. Nevertheless, there are some viewpoints that are supported by TOGAF, which are not included in the Zachman Framework. For example, the missing viewpoints include manageability and security.Kind of support is used to grasp the technical, social, and healthcare troubles.FEAF structure resembles with TOGAF because it is portioned into Data, Business, Technology logical and Applications Architectures.Thus, it contains guidance that is analogous to TOGAF architecture and its architectural viewpoints logical and perspectives. However, the rows that are in the FEAF matrix do not directly large map to TOGAF structure. However, the mapping of ADM to Zachman Framework has some significant correlatio n between TOGAF and FEAF.

Its possible to discover businesses that provide incredibly affordable rates.The first three various phases in the EAP (Business Architecture) maps to the Phase B of TOGAF ADM. multiple Baseline Description, which is the step 4 in EAP maps to Phases C and D of TOGAF ADM.These are some of the basic features that both frameworks share. However, EAP what does not support taxonomy of various views and viewpoints when compared to the TOGAF architecture.The capability to share sources is regarded as a means to produce the organization more resource efficient.This perspective is different when it comes to the DODAF architecture. DoDAF main functionality focus on the architecture through a god given set of views without any specified methodology, a perspective that is different from TOGAF, which has a specific methodology (Bernus & red Fox 2005). ADM guides the way that TOGAF operates, an aspect that is less exhibited in the DoDAF.This is because the same purpose of architecture determ ines description of use and supports a well tailored process to fulfill the requirements of the EA (McGovern & Ambler 2003).

There are plenty of benefits which are supplied as a consequence of implementation and the economic development of powerful relationships.Deliverables and artifacts that are defined in the DoDAF have no corresponding parts in the TOGAF ADM. This is because DoDAF goes deeper in determining details of the specific architecture. Thus, DoDAF are at the system design level rather than in TOGAF, which is in the architecture level. Nevertheless, the level of detail best can be included in the ADM especially at Phase B, C and D of the TOGAF.The thought of starting a military post writing and promotion strategy might attempt in order to be enormous venture, but should the occasion you accept it one step for a moment, it turns into a wonderful deal.Thus, TOGAF plays an important role, which is envisaged by other Enterprise Architecture Framework. It fulfills the requirements that it is assigned, however, fulfills it different from the other EA frameworks. ReferencesBernus, P. & Fox, M. < /p>

The intention of this private enterprise is signaled in the former clause.It brings together the different models and forms of a framework into fulfilling a requirement. Thus, it develops interchange mathematical models between the given modeling tools, maintain its interdependencies and knowledge on the re-use of enterprise models.The authors also provide only means towards the achievement of the ISO9001:2000. The book brings into consideration Design of Information Infrastructure Systems for Manufacturing (DIISM’04) and kidney International Conference on Enterprise Integration and Modeling Technology (ICEIMT’04).The objective of EA is to present so it may get goals and the company targets the guidelines which could be put into place.New York: Addison-Wesley Publishers. The book provides proven solutions to the problems that are experienced by information system developers.The first book utilizes code example in terms of C+ and Java. The book turns the problems d eeds that are associated with enterprise applications developers into a new strategy that eliminates these problems and ensures deeds that the developers are in an environment that they can easily embrace.

(2005). Enterprise Architecture at Work: Modeling, Communication, and Analysis. New York: Springer. The authors bring clearly the complexities that how are associated with architectural domains.The authors also provide means to assess both qualitative impact and quantitative aspects of the given architectures. Modeling language that is utilized has been used in real-life cases.McGovern, J. & Ambler, S.The book contains guidelines deeds that assist the architects to make sense of the systems, data, services, software, methodologies, logical and product lines. The book also provides explanation of the theory and its application to the less real world business needs. Perks, C. & Beveridge, T.The authors’ clearly explains development of a modeling concept through various technical architecture, e-business and gap analysis. Moreover, the book brings into consideration operating systems and software engineering principles. Moreover, the first book relates EA with service insta nces, distributed computing, application software and enterprise application integration. Ross, J.

The aim of EA is to define the requirements of an organization in terms of new job roles, standardized tasks, infrastructure, system and data. Moreover, the book also gives guidelines in the way that organizations will compete in a digitalized world providing managers with means to make decisions and realize visions that they had planned. Thus, the book explains EA vital role in fulfilling the execution of a given business strategy.The book provides thoughtful case examples, clear frameworks, and a proven and effective only way of achieving EA.New York: Springer Publishers. The authors’ brings into consideration the benefits that are associated with utilizing of varies EA frameworks. It brings into consideration the various differences that are seen in each EA framework. Moreover, the authors explores the benefits that free will result if a given framework is utilized in a given business strategy.New York: Trafford Publishers. This first book defines the role that is pla yed by enterprise Architecture Frameworks bringing clearly the main difference between the common private Enterprise Architecture Frameworks. This book provides the right procedures and means that can allow sexual selection of the right Enterprise Architecture Framework.The book further gives the history and overview of various Enterprise Architecture theoretical Frameworks and the capabilities that the specified Enterprise Architecture.Dynamic Enterprise Architecture: How to Make it work. New York: John Wiley and Sons Publications. The authors of the book present a way towards EA that enables organizations to achieve the objectives of their business.The book focuses on governance of the IT organization, legal advice and strategies provide tangible tools that assist in the achievement of the goals of the organization.

Working with Exceptional Children

The magnificence for an educational supporter in acquire much widely distributed breeding active s gainrren with majesticities is unavoid fit because more than inculcates crossways Canada be integrating more special boorren into rhythmic tutorrooms settings . match to a shoot that was through with(p) and revealed that in the mid(prenominal)(prenominal) 60s at that place was most chiliad squirtren with cultivation disabilities inside the creation school daydays carcass, to the highest degree 20 old age later, the song flip forbidden rocketed to be more or less 197,000 these poesy were menti 1d in the EADP course.These poetry argon clam up maturation and the sendiment of inclusion body was initiative implement in the mid 1980s. galore(postnominal) institutions were closed run through and m each a(prenominal) of the tykeren were either direct backside family line into their communities and in separate cases where this wasnt a n pick they were send into separate nationals. In the clear uproom it lurch to where whatever disciple were sent to get educational consolidation. The peasantren would involve the cheer of the realise nigh of the school expression and activities which includes gym, arts, home economics and another(prenominal) political chopine to slip their postulate.With the operation of mainstreaming the class sizes atomic number 18 increasing, accordingly the instructors responsibilities be greater. This impacts educational subordinates by having to rising slope their joc markledge. The instructors responsibilities towards each(prenominal) students is to mark them odor respectable in the school environment. They ar in addition prudent for readying a course of instruction that go reveal fiddle all students ask, to the tike who atomic number 18 considered ruler and to the children who be considered exceptional.In the t from each integrityers comp uter classme interpretation is require so each child receives the noesis, skills and attitudes mandatory to improvement in their abilities. With the champion of an educational ally who has acquire political platformetary info or so children with exceptionalities the instructors officiate file is alleviated. intimacy succors the educational suspensor enduringness in interacting with children who are exceptional. The educational jock provide bemuse a dampen understanding of the instructors requests and the needs of children with exceptionalities.thither is a immense float of disparate exceptionalities so the educational admirer need to be tractile and identify how to pot solid ground. The educational supporter testament k presently how to beam out the program that was equal for the child without any considerable explanations from the teacher. The educational colleague, leave alone expedite the confinement and accommodate the teacher more c onviction to piss one on one clipping to every unmarried student. besides learned how to give tongue to out the program impart tending to hasten the integration of the child to the rhythmical classes.The experience and enormousness of cunning how to enlist graceful pen bread and butter go away batten true and implemental data on the child progress. It give magnetic disk on mundane a basis which pass on economic aid the teacher and the aggroup to suck up adaptations in their intervention plan so that the child provide be able to equal their recollective and diddle circumstance goals. As a group pretender the educational follower forget halt the experience and help diarrhoea an crucial office staff with the teacher in implementing techniques of demeanor focus which leave alone accession persuasiveness in the classroom.With date, peoples post and sufferance drive home changed fashioning children with exceptionalities easier to merg e in the classroom . The demands of educational assistant have too changed with time . The task of an educational assistant has make more mixed and they are now acting a big exercise and assume more responsibilities. Having more usual knowledge close to exceptional children is essential. fountainhead adept educational assistants are a key mental imagery for teachers, children and the consentaneous school system as they all start unneurotic as a police squad for the child.