1,2,4-Oxadiazole Moiety Molecules Synthesis for Cancer

1,2,4-Oxadiazole Moiety Molecules Synthesis for Cancer2.4. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole derivatives for their MTT assay utilise MCF-7 thorax cancer cellphone line and degradation of deoxyribonucleic acid in EAT cells2.4.1. INTRODUCTIONIn the biological and pharmacological importance, heterocycles plays a significance role. Oxadiazole molecules maneuver biologically activity includes angiogenesis inhibitor 246 and overly HIV inhibitor 247, tyrosine kinase inhibition 45, histamine H3 antagonism 48, muscarinic agonism 49, potent histamine H2 receptor antagonists 50, 51, muscarinic receptor antagonists 53, 54, interleukin-8 (IL-8) receptor antagonists 65, cytotoxic activities 68, monoamine oxidase inhibition 66, potent therapeutic agents for prostate gland cancer 72, anticonvulsant activity 67, neoplasm-selective and apoptosis-inducing agents 70, 71, antitumor 4f and apoptosis-inducing anticancer agents 73, 74.Breast cancer is a most terrifying disease in which cells in breast tissue paper grow and divide with issue normal control. This type of growth of cells without control forms a lump called tumor. In breast cancer, tumors are called benign or malignant. Malignant tumors willing grow by eating food. They get the food by forming new blood vessels in a process called angiogenesis. These blood vessels are the main tenability to promote the growth of the tumors. After this tumor growing it will spread to nearby tissue, which is called as invasion.The breakage of main tumor cells will spread into otherwise parts of the body and it will lead to metastatic breast cancer. This happens through blood stream or lymphatic system and this process is called metastasis. The main injury of the malignant breast cancer is dividing and grows out of control which leads to form number of new tumors. If those new tumors are in other parts of the body, then also we call those as breast cancer.Esp ecially in women, breast cancer leading to the cause of cancer related death. In developing and developed countries, breast cancer is the second most common malignancy type diagnosed disease in women. In India breast cancer is the most discussing problem in the up-to-date health problem (248). By the survey conceded by the Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR), the percentage of breast cancer patients has been nearly doubled. In the past a few(prenominal) years nearly one lakh new patients are being detected from 1985 to 2001 (249, 250). It has been estimated that the breast cancer in 2004 is nearly 90,273 and they predicted that in 2015 the patients number may be nearly 1, 12,680 (251).Due to the damage in deoxyribonucleic acid, normal cells will become cancer cells. DNA is present in all cell and it directs to all its actions. When DNA gets damaged in normal cells, the cell either repairs the damage or it dies. But in the cancer cells, damaged DNA is not repaired. The dama ged cell undergoes splitting. As a result cell goes on making new cells that the body doesnt need and those cells have identical damaged DNA as the first cells does. This conjecture the design and synthesis of new anticancer drugs, and drug combination and treatment modalities is still the need for effective treatment of breast cancer patients 252.1,2,4-Oxadiazole moiety molecules show signs of vide variety of biological activities 40, 253-255. In connection to the above studies, our molecules are subjected to the angiogenesis victimization MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines and degradation of DNA studies using in EAT cells.2.4.2. MATERIALSMelting points were recorded (uncorrected) on a Buchi Melting Point B-545 instrument. Infrared (IR) spectra were recorded using a Jasco FTIR-4100 series. every last(predicate) reagents and solvents used were commercially procured and used as received. 1H-proton magnetic resonance spectras were recorded on Shimadzu AMX-400-Bruker with 400 MHz with TMS as internal standard. The 13C NMR spectra were examined on a Bruker DPX-400 at 100.6 MHz. The mass spectra were recorded on a JEOL JMS-AX505HA mass spectrometer.2.4.3. EXPERIMENTAL2.4.3.1. ChemistryGeneral procedure for synthesis of (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2).A solution of hydroxylamine hydrochloride (1.529 g, 22.004 mmol) (2.5eq) and sodium carbonate (1.492 g, 14.082 mmol) (1.6eq) was taken in a round bottom flask. Stir for 10min to dissolve completely, then to this mixture 4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorobenzonitrile (1) (2.0 g, 8.801 mmol) (1.0 eq) is dissolved with ethanol was added. Then the mixture is heated to 60 0C about 5-6 hr. After that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin social class chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and the product was disconnected in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to piss and ext racted with ethyl ethanoate. The fundamental degree was process 2-3 times with distilled water. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The extracted ethyl ethanoate layer was dried over sodium sulphate (anhydrous) and the solvent was evaporated to get (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2).2.4.3.2. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole 4(a-f) derivatives.(Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (1.0 eq) is dissolved in dry methylene chloride and cooled to 0-5 0C in ice bath. Then N,N-diisopropylethylamine (1.1 eq) was added to cold reaction mixture and stirred for 10 minutes, then different aromatic acid chlorides (3a-e) (1 eq) were added. The reaction mixture was allowed to inhabit temperature under stirring for 5-6 hr. After that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin la yer chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and the product was separated in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to water and extracted with ethyl ethanoate. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water. The extracted ethyl ethanoate layer was dried over sodium sulphate (anhydrous) and the product was purified with the overhaul of column chromatography over silica mousse (60-120 mesh) using hexane and ethyl acetate (11).Scheme 1.Reagents and conditions (i) Sodium carbonate, water, ethanol, 60 0C, 6 h (ii) dichloromethane, N,N-diisopropylethylamine, 0-5 0C, 6 h 3(a-e) Where 3a = 4-chloro benzoyl chloride 3b = 4-Fluoro benzoyl chloride 3c = 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride 3d = 4-Fluoro-3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride 3e = 4-EthylPhenylbenzoyl chloride.2.4.3.2.1. Synthesis of 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-o xadiazole (4a)Pale yellow likeness from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-chlorobenzoylchloride (3a) (0.067 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.32 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.75 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.70, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.55 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.50 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.35 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.30 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.05 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.56-2.30 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H) MS (ESI) m/z 381.081 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H14ClFN4O (in %) C- 63.08, H- 3.71, N- 14.71.2.4.3.2.2. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-fluorophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4b)Orange food wringing from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-Fluoro benzoyl chloride (3b) (0.060 g, 0.384 mmol)and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.30 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.72, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.56 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.34 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.29 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 5.02 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.58-2.31 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H) MS (ESI) m/z 365.114 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H14F2N4O (in %) C- 65.93, H- 3.87, N- 15.38.2.4.3.2.3. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4c)Dark brown color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-(trifluoromethyl)benzoyl chloride (3c) (0.080 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.10 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.70 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.37 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.06 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.59-2.29 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H) MS (ESI) m/z 415.110 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C21H14F4N4O (in %) C- 60.87, H- 3.41, N- 13.52.2.4.3.2.4. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7 -dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4d)Pale yellow color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-Fluoro-3-Nitrobenzoyl chloride (3d) (0.078 g, 0.384 mmol)and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.71 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.65 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 8.34 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.74 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.61 (dd, 1H, Ar-H), 7.58 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.37 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.33 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.06 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.59-2.29 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H) MS (ESI) m/z 410.099 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C20H13F2N5O3 (in %) C- 58.68, H- 3.20, N- 13.52.2.4.3.2.5. Synthesis of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-(5-ethyl-1,1-biphenyl-2-yl)-1,2,4-oxadiazole (4e).White color from (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) (0.1 g, 0.384 mmol), 4-EthylPhenylbenzoyl chloride (3e) (0.094 g, 0.384 mmol) and N,N-diisopropylethylamine (0.049 g, 0.461 mmol). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) 8.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.95 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.80 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.75 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.72, (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.53 (dd, 2H, Ar-H), 7.56 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.45 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.34 (d, 1H, imid-H), 7.30 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 7.31 (d, 1H, Ar-H), 5.03 (d, 1H, pyrrole-H), 2.65 (q, 2H, -CH2), 2.58-2.31 (d, 4H, pyrrole-H), 1.27 (t, 3H, -CH3), MS (ESI) m/z 451.186 (100.0%), Anal. calcd. for C28H23FN4O (in %) C- 74.65, H- 5.15, N- 12.44.2.4.4. Biology2.4.4.1. Culture of MCF-7 cellsMCF-7 cells were nuanced with minor modification in Minimal Essential medium (Invitrogen) supplemented with 10% foetal bovine serum, 100units/ml penicillin-G, 100 g/ml streptomycin and 1% sodium bicarbonate (Invitrogen). MCF-7 cells were obtained from booth repository unit of National Center for Cell Sciences (NCCS), Pune, India. All cell lines were maintained at 37C in a humidified atmosphere with 5% CO2 256.2.4.4.2. Culture of EAT cellsAnimals, in vivo tumor extension and imidazole derivatives treatment Six to eight weeks old female mice were acclimated for one week while caged in-group of five. Mice were housed and fed a diet of animal chow and water ad libitum throughout the experiment. All the experiments were approved by the institutional animal care and use committee of the University of Mysore, Mysore, India. Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells (5106 cells/mouse) were injected intraperitoneally. These cells grow in mouse peritoneum forming an ascites tumor with massive abdominal swelling. The animals showed a dramatic increase in body weight over the growth period and the animals succumbed to the tumor burden 1416 days after implantation.2.4.4.2.1. Isolation of EAT cells from mice peritoneal cavity and compound treatment From the peritoneal cavity of tumor-bearing mice the EAT cells were isolated (control and tempered). 2-3 mm of sterile phosphate buffer solution was injected in to the peritoneal cavity of the mice a nd the peritoneal fluid containing tumor cells withdrawn, collect in sterile petri dishes and incubated at 370C for 2 h. The cells of macrophage linage adhered to the bottom of Petri dishes. The non-adherent population was aspirated out gently and washed repeatedly with PBS. Moreover, viability of these cells was assessed and was found to be 95% by trypan blue dye exclusion. The viable EAT cells were processed for throw out experiments. The EAT cells (5 x 106) were treated with or without compounds of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e) and incubated at 370 C for different time interval or for known period of time. After the incubation period the cells were used for the further analysis 258.2.4.4.2.2. Cell count by Trypan blue dye exclusion assay.EAT cells were treated with different concentrations of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole compounds 4(a-e ) at various time periods (04 h). Cell viability was assessed by mixing aliquots of cell suspension with 0.4% trypan blue and counted using heamocytometer. Cells that picked up the dye were considered to be dead 259(a).2.4.5. Result and Discussion2.4.5.1. ChemistrySynthesis of the bring out intermediate (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2) is outlined in Scheme 1. Briefly, hydroxylamine hydrochloride and sodium carbonate was taken in water and stirred. 4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorobenzonitrile (1) was dissolved in ethanol and added to the reaction mixture. The presence of NH2 and =N-OH proton peaks NMR spectra indicates the formation of (Z)-4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluoro-N-hydroxybenzimidamide (2). The key intermediate compound (2) was taken in dry dichloromethane and cooled to 0-5 0C, and N,N-diisopropylethylamine was added. Stirred for 10 min, then different aromatic acid chlorides 3(a- e) was added give notice by drop. The reaction mixture was allowed to room temperature under stirring for 5-6 h and after that the steps forward of the reaction fusion was examined by the thin layer chromatography (TLC). After reaction completion, the solvent and the product was separated in vacuum pump under reduced pressure. Then the product was poured to water and extracted with ethyl ethanoate. The organic layer was washed 2-3 times with distilled water to get target 3-(4-(3-(1H-imidazol-5-yl)propyl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole 4(a-e). Upon completion crude products 4(a-e) were obtained with a good yield of 8193% and which the product was purified with the help of column chromatography over silica gel (60-120 mesh) using hexane and ethyl acetate (11). The absence of CO proton peak in synthesized derivatives in 1H spectra confirmed the identity of the products. The inside information of chemical structures, physical data and integrity of compounds are given i n panel 1.CompoundR1YieldMP (oC)Purity4a90277904b85100934c81110894d82142924e799581Table 1. Chemical structures, physical data and purity of compounds 4(ae)2.4.5.2. Biology2.4.5.2.1. MTT assayThe MTT assay was performed according to the protocol previously reported 257. MCF-7 cells were plated at a density of 1 X 105 cells in 96-well plates. (Subsequently, the 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e) were assayed using concentrations from 0.05 to 0.5 mM). After 24 h of incubation, 10 L of 5% 3-(4,5- dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) (Sigma Aldrich) (0.05 mg/mL) were added to the culture medium. After 4 h at 370C the culture medium was removed and 200 L of DMSO were added to dissolve the salts of formazan. The absorbance was measured with a 96-wells plate spectrophotometer at 570 nm. The experiments were independently performed three times and each experiment contained double replicates. C ontrol samples containing a complete culture medium devoid of cells or control cells with 0.1% DMSO were also included in each experiment. word form 1. The MTT assay of compounds 4(a-e) in MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.Sl.No.Name of the compoundIC50 Value1Cisplatin10g24a100ug34b200ug44c100ug54d800ug64e200ugTable 2. Compounds 4(a-e) and their IC50 value (g/ml) on MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines.2.4.5.3. DNA fragmentation assayEAT cells were collected from mice treated with or without 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazole series 4(a-e). Thein vivo and DNA was isolated using the phenolchloroform method. In brief, cells were lysed in a buffer containing 50mM TrisHCl, pH 8.0, and 0.5% SDS, and incubated for 30min at 37C. The cell lysate was subjected to 8M potassium acetate foolhardiness and left for 1h at 4C. The supernatant was subjected to phenol/chloroform/isoamyl alcohol (25241) extraction and once to chloroform extraction. D NA was precipitated by adding 12 volumes of ice-cold ethanol. The precipitated DNA was dissolved in 50L TE buffer (pH 8.0). The DNA was digested with 20g/mL RNase at 37C for 1h. The DNA was quantitated and equal concentration of DNA (25g) was resolved on 1.5% agarose gel, viewed under UV light, and documented using BIORAD gel documentation system Figure 2 259(b).Figure 2. The DNA degradation of compounds 4(a-e) in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells.ConclusionA series of 3-(4-(6,7-dihydro-5H-pyrrolo1,2-cimidazol-5-yl)-3-fluorophenyl)-5-substituted-1,2,4-oxadiazoles 4(a-e) has been synthesized by using simple synthetic procedures and were screened for their MTT assay using MCF-7 breast cancer cell line and degradation of DNA in Ehrlich Ascites Tumor (EAT) cells activity. All the final compounds exhibited good in all the in-vitro activity.

Comparing Women As Propriety In The Merchant Of Venice and The Taming O

Women As Propriety In Shakespeares The Merchant Of Venice and The Taming Of the Shrew We may say that the prevalent ideas in most societies are the ideas of the dominant sex, associated and mingled with those of dominant class. (Chedgzoy, pg.50) During the Elizabethan time men dominated society. Historically speaking males hasten always held more power then females in most cultures. Although a few cultures were Matriarchal societies. Yet even in these cultures women were not the superior power but were valued as equal to men. Most of the matriarchal societies viewed women as the embodiment of the goddess. Women contain never been the sole dominant sex in a society. The fall of the Matriarchal societies occurred mostly from the organization of Christianity. The Christian ideals taught that women were not think to have influential roles in society. In the Elizabethan era women were in a weak social position. In addition when Shakespeare writes about women he encompa sses the complex issues that socially surround females. Shakespeare allows the audience to observe issues that effect their own factual society acted out on stage. At this time the society was definitely patriarchal, where women were viewed as inferior. In addition women had little to no power over there own lives. Fathers viewed their daughters as their propriety. Which left daughters in a powerless position. The power that women did have was their personal sexuality, virginity was prized and seen as a jewel. Once daughters were married their husbands also valued them as propriety. Marriages were still arranged, as they had been in the Middle Ages, to further the interests of land-owning families. On wedding party all the girls legal rights ceas... ...ters he created in his plays. He also developed female characters who were obviously intelligent, dynamic, and strong willed. Thus creating dramatic plots that rise to the surface societal stereotypes and norms. As in modern society theatre and the media allow for people to express issues of concern in a none threatening manner. Shakespeares dynamic plays have influenced literature globally for hundreds of years.WORK CITEDKaston,David Scott. A Companion To Shakespeare, Blackwell Publishers Massachusetts. 1999.Chedgzoy,Kate. Shakespeare, Feminism and Gender, New York, Palgrave 2001Dusinberre,Juliet. Shakespeare and The Nature Of Women, New York, Barnes and Noble Books. 1975.Pit, Angela Women in The Comedies and Last Plays, New York, Barnes and Noble Books 1981.Bamber, Linda humourous Women, Tragic Men, California, Stanford University Press 1982.

Homosexuality: Equal Rights For All Essay examples -- Sexual Issues

INTRODUCTIONHuman beings are born with a nature to judge the things around them in adept way or another. We complain, murmur and gossip about what is not normal or even normal in our sight. Yet, we struggle to see how others telephone about us and forever and a day fail look at ourselves first before judging and criticizing others. The measures of normality, intelligence, beauty and peculiarity are very subjective and we as humans are the inventors of these yardsticks. Yet, repeatedly we think that the principles of our measurement are improve but we as mortal beings are not anywhere near perfect. Thus, is our yardstick and measurement truly perfect? The question that we are to ask ourselves is Who are we to judge?Homo braceuality is the disposition to seek sensory pleasure through forcible contact with peck of ones own sex in preference to contact with others of the paired sex (Dover, 1997). Being alongside heterosexuality and hermaphroditism in the sexual orientation con tinuum, homosexuality only makes up a minority group of people. However, we are unsure of this because everyone has skeletons in their closets and might face admiration or uncertainties regarding their own sexuality. Homosexuals includes gays (man seeking man), lesbians (woman seeking woman), bisexuals (one who seeks both man and woman) as well as transgender (one who modifies his/her physical appearance to reflect the opposite sex). Transvestites are people who dress according to the opposite sex and this put is also known as cross-dressing. Transsexuals are individuals who go under the knife to have a sex change operation in order for them to live fully as a member of the opposite sex. Facing pressure from the society, families and friends, this group of people figh... ...Although everyone walks on the comparable land and shares the same air, some people just forbid others from having the same freedom as them. Thinking that they are protecting the community and their future t ense generations, they ignore the rights of others and disregard those who go against them. We therefore believe that every human being despite their sexual orientation should enjoy every freedom and practice their rights given as humans without any restriction, hesitation or exception. Works CitedDover, K. J. (1997). Greek Homosexuality. Massachusetts Harvard University Press .Esplen, E., & Jolly, S. (2006). sex activity and Sex - A sample of definitions. BRIDGE- Gender and Development, 1.Mio, J., Barker-Hackett, L., & Tumambing, J. (2009). Multicultural Psychology arrest Our Diverse Communities (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved April 23, 2012 Homosexuality Equal Rights For All Essay examples -- Sexual IssuesINTRODUCTIONHuman beings are born with a nature to judge the things around them in one way or another. We complain, murmur and gossip about what is not normal or even normal in our sight. Yet, we struggle to see how others think about us and always f ail look at ourselves first before judging and criticizing others. The measures of normality, intelligence, beauty and peculiarity are very subjective and we as humans are the inventors of these yardsticks. Yet, repeatedly we think that the principles of our measurement are perfect but we as mortal beings are not anywhere near perfect. Thus, is our yardstick and measurement truly perfect? The question that we are to ask ourselves is Who are we to judge?Homosexuality is the disposition to seek sensory pleasure through physical contact with people of ones own sex in preference to contact with others of the opposite sex (Dover, 1997). Being alongside heterosexuality and bisexuality in the sexual orientation continuum, homosexuality only makes up a minority group of people. However, we are unsure of this because everyone has skeletons in their closets and might face confusion or uncertainties regarding their own sexuality. Homosexuals includes gays (man seeking man), lesbians (woman see king woman), bisexuals (one who seeks both man and woman) as well as transgender (one who modifies his/her physical appearance to reflect the opposite sex). Transvestites are people who dress according to the opposite sex and this practice is also known as cross-dressing. Transsexuals are individuals who go under the knife to have a sex change operation in order for them to live fully as a member of the opposite sex. Facing pressure from the society, families and friends, this group of people figh... ...Although everyone walks on the same land and shares the same air, some people just forbid others from having the same freedom as them. Thinking that they are protecting the community and their future generations, they ignore the rights of others and disregard those who go against them. We therefore believe that every human being despite their sexual orientation should enjoy every freedom and practice their rights given as humans without any restriction, hesitation or exception. Work s CitedDover, K. J. (1997). Greek Homosexuality. Massachusetts Harvard University Press .Esplen, E., & Jolly, S. (2006). Gender and Sex - A sample of definitions. BRIDGE- Gender and Development, 1.Mio, J., Barker-Hackett, L., & Tumambing, J. (2009). Multicultural Psychology Understanding Our Diverse Communities (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill Companies. Retrieved April 23, 2012

Tattoos, Body Piercings, and Other Body Modifications Essay -- body mo

The colors and pictures we apply to our skin communicate our values and aspirations as well as our hopes and personal histories. Even when we adopt the cannistercel look and dont adorn our skin at all, we are making a social statement. Our skin talks even when we dont it is not a neutral canvas. (Jablonski, 164) We as a species are obsessed with our appearance and are equally preoccupied with altering it to our own varied desires. Each person wants nothing less than perfection, besides each has an unique idea of what that means. Every person on the planet engages in some form of system modification to achieve the look that they can identify with and feel is their own. From cosmetics to cosmetic surgery, a pierced ear to a facial implant, hair styling to tattoos, and everything in between, altering our bodies is part of our way of life. Body house painting was likely the first way in which the human animal adorned itself and attempted to express its individual status among st the species. Long before the tools were invented required in the production of clothing prehistoric hominids implemented embellishment of the physical form by smearing natural pigments such as hematite, limonite, manganese, and ash, as well as, chalk and charcoal. Scarification finished branding as a cosmetic body alteration likely began in the early days after the invention of fire and has been carried on in various slipway and by various cultures into the present day. Other forms of body alteration including diverse types of piercing and circumcision are remnants of the cultures from the ancient world. Tattooing and deliberate scarification became other ways of personal expression early on in prehistory, possibly also before fashioned clothing. It is co... ...TE / SITE OFFICIEL DORLAN. ORLAN OFFICIAL WEBSITE SITE OFFICIEL DORLAN RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2013. .Rush, John A.. uncanny tattoo a cultural history of tattooing, piercing, scarification, branding, and imp lants. Berkeley, Calif. Frog , 2005. Print.Second Life with Autism. YouTube. YouTube, 30 Aug. 2007. Web. 20 Dec. 2013. .Taylor, Mark C.. Hiding. Chicago University of Chicago Press, 1997. Print.Wegenstein, Bernadette. The cosmetic gaze body modification and the construction of beauty. Cambridge, Mass. MIT Press, 2012. Print.modern. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. .modernism. Merriam-Webster. Merriam-Webster, n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2013. .

Handguns in America: To Ban or Not to Ban Essay -- argumentative, persu

Handguns in America To ban or not to ban.Americans should be able to contain, own and take hold handguns if they feel the need to protect them. Its a statement that is a topic of major debate and has been for years. There are proponents and oppositionists with regards to handgun laws and rights. Both sides have strong, seemingly valid arguments. In the end, we should have that choice. One of the strongest arguments for banning handguns An increase in the availability of handguns equals an increase in crimes using handguns. Handguns were used in execution of instrument more than all other weapons combined. Page 75 (Every handgun is aimed at you) Josh Sugarman is for banning handguns arguing, the higher number of handguns, and the higher number of crime. That fact may be accurate according to the FBIs Uniform Crime Reports. However, who is to say about the likely hood of the murder occurring regardless if the gun was available or not. If someone has a gun, they are more likely goi ng to use it. But if someone is murder-minded, they will commit the murder, regardless of the weapon. To argue this point further, washstand R. Lott Jr. in his book The Bias Against Guns, mentions a study from 1977 to 1992. The research showed that the states that adopted right to conceal laws had a decrease in crimes with guns immediately pursuance the passing of those laws. (pg 228 the bias against guns) suicide and handguns .the ready availability of handguns in the moments of despair takes thousands of lives each year. (page 35 Every handgun is aimed at you) The American Foundation for Suicide Prevention states that Firearms account for 50 percent of all suicides. Death by firearms is the fastest growing method of suicide. Just as the murder-minded individual h... ...ection of this site, deals specifically with statistics on firearms and suicide rates. Sowell, Thomas. RealClearPolitics - Judges, the Constitution & Gun Control Laws. RealClearPolitics. Creators Syndicate Inc., 29 June 2010. Web. 10 Mar. 2012. The author is a general columnist and writes political articles including publishing weekly articles in Forbes magazine. He is a respected top economist. His article shows the authors view on how stricter laws will increase gun violence. Sugarmann, Josh. Every Handgun Is Aimed at You The Case for Banning Handguns. New York New, 2001. Print. The author is the executive director/founder of Violence Policy Center. He has published two books on the subject of guns and has create verbally many articles for several newspapers across the country. This book looks at gun violence in America and why we should completely ban handguns.

Romeo And Juliet - Fate Or Free Will :: essays research papers

The human condition follows the path of fate. Everyone makes choices out of their own free will which affects their life at that time, further will ultimately lead to their pre- determined fate. People inflict their own wounds during their life by the choices that they make. This applies in Romeo and Juliet and plays a major role in Romeo and Juliets lives. "A pair of star-crossed lovers" (I, i, 6) In the very opening of the play the chorus is singing about Romeo and Juliet, and predicts their life together as having a star-crossed conclusion. By already knowing from the beginning that their life has an ill-fated conclusion, we can see how their choices brought them to their death. Romeo and Juliet could see that their life together was not going the way they wanted, because Romeo and Juliet wanted to marry from each one other but there were many barriers between them. Both Romeo and Juliet had many failed attempts in their efforts to trick fate out of what was ultimately going to happen to them both. inhibit Get you gone, be strong and prosperous in this resolve. Ill send a friar with speed to Mantua, with my letters to thy lord. (IV, i, 122-124) Juliet is to drink a potion to make her protrude dead, and later wake to be free of the shame of marrying Paris. Here, Friar Lawrence is assuring Juliet that he will send a letter to Romeo, explaining their computer program. Romeo doesnt receive that letter, and he does not know what is to happen. Free will comes with great consequences. Friar Lawrence and Juliet inflicted their own wounds by not telling Romeo of their plan. If they had taken the time to make sure that Romeo got the information, their plan might have succeeded, and Romeo and Juliet would be free to marry each other. A greater power than we can conflict hath thwarted our intents. (V, iii, 154-155) After Romeo kills Paris, and then himself, Juliet wakes as Friar Lawrence rushes over to her. Friar Lawrence is saying that a higher power, in this case, fate, has ruined their plan. We know that Friar Lawrence is talking about fate when he says that they cannot contradict this power. You cannot contradict fate, it always has its way in the end, whether we know it or not. "O, I am fortunes fool (III, i, 135)".

The Peach Tree Essay -- Observation Essay, Descriptive Essay

The Peach Tree When I reminisce about my childhood, the fondest memories I have circulate around food. We often went on picnics to the beach. There at the waters edge, my father would struggle to light the charcoal in the wind that kept both the hot dogs and the kids cold. My mothers anise-sweetened lollipop was the perfect match for ham every Easter morning, afternoon, and the days that followed. On my birthday we always had gnocchi, fluffy pillows of pasta that melted in our mouths, tossed with an ethereal love apple sauce. In August we had singes and not just any peaches, peaches from our peach guide. I loved our peach tree. I love the memory of that tree. In retrospect, the peach tree was an integral part of my childhood.I cannot recall when we kickoff got the peach tree. It seems as if it was always there in the backyard. I do know that it was a afford from my aunt and uncle who worked at Del four-card montes Agricultural Research Facility. Whether it was a rare or special breed, I wonder. The fruit was so sweet that I cant imagine Del Monte choosing such a fine specimen but to douse it in heavy simple syrup. Whatever its parentage, it was our good fortune to receive such a tree it produced the sweetest, most succulent peaches Ive ever eaten. The peach tree was special to us. It was, in fact, the only tree in our small yard. We grew through the seasons with it. Every February the source bits of pink showed through the tightly closed flower buds. By March, it was covered in pink, like overgrown cotton candy. In April, little flecks of green stress the pink blossoms and slowly pushed out the pink until a fresh, vibrant green blanketed the crown of the tree. During this transition, the lawn became a carpet of pink. Then slowly th... ... the old tree was producing only a few runt-sized fruit. One winter my parents cut down the tree. It left a scar on the lawn and a barren space in the yard. I hadnt thought much about that old tree for some time. It w as the peach tree, after all, along with my grandparents vegetable garden that planted the seed, so to speak, of my passion for the garden. The first fruit trees I planted in my own backyard were peaches. When I told my sisters that I was writing about the peach tree, they both smiled a familiar smile. For a moment, they were transported to other place and time. And I knew that it wasnt simply nostalgia seen through the nearsighted eyes of memory, it was real. In the years that have followed I have never found a peach as large, juicy and luscious as the ones from our tree. It may have been Del Montes secret special breed, but I think it was more.